全国大学生英语竞赛D类初赛卷A.docx
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全国大学生英语竞赛D类初赛卷A
PartⅣReadingComprehension
Readthefollowingpassage.Eachpassageisfollowingbyseveralquestions.Respondtothequestionsaccordingtothepassage.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.
SectionA(10marks)
Questions56-60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
AreComputersAlive?
Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychology,andmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnectionwithrobotsandcomputer:
someoftheoldworriesaboutAI-artificialintelligence---werecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhethercomputerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputers,capableofrapid(ifoftenunreliable)computationandlittleornocreativeactivity,weresooncalled“electronicbrains”.Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplace,computerswerecalled“high-speedidiots”,anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Insuchaclimate,thepossibilityofcomputersactuallybeingalivewasrarelyconsidered:
itwasbadenoughthatcomputersmightbecapableofthought.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsofthehigh-speedidiottag.IthasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsonEarth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligent,itwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs.
Oneconsequenceofspeculationaboutthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecauseclearthatwewerenotsurewhatnewmeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthink,somemorethanothers,thoughtweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblem,partlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.Theyareobviouslysometypeofmentalexperience,butaretheyatypeofthinking?
Andthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurther
problems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals---dogs,cats,apes,andsoon---arecapableofatleastbasicthought,butwhataboutfishandinsects?
Itiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentastedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrain,thenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreatures,itwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartifacts(人工制品).Andwhatistrueofthoughtisalsotrueofmanyothermentalprocesses.OneoftheimmensebenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtocheckcarefullytheworkingofthehumanmind.
Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Nofernoroaktreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestdigitalcomputer;norcanfrogsweld(焊接)carbodiesaswellasrobots.Themechanicalmanipulatoriscleverinsomewaysthatthethree-toedsloth(树懒).Itseemsthat,viewedintermsofintellect,thecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigheranimalscan,itseems,competewithcomputerswithregardtointellect---andeventhenwithdiminishingsuccess.(Examplesofthisareinthegamesofchess.SomeoftheWorld’sbestplayersnowcomputers.)
Questions56—58:
ReadthequestionsandthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD,anddecidewhichisbestchoiceaccordingtothepassage.
56.Thefirstelectroniccomputerswere________.
A.slowandreliableB.largeandfast
C.creativeandaccurateD.unreliableandsmall
57.Intheauthor’sview,mentalactivitiesarecharacteristicof________.
A.allplantsandanimalsB.someanimals
C.humanbeingaloneD.computers
58.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutmachinesthinking?
A.ItissomewhatpossibleB.Itistotallyimpossible
C.ItwillnotberealizedtoosoonD.Itmaysurpasshumanthinkingsomeday
Question59-60:
Completethefollowingstatementswithinformationgiveninthepassageinamaximumofthreewordsforeachblank.
59.Theauthorfeelsthatbycallingtheseearlycomputers“high-speedidiots”,peoplewerereallyimplyingthatcomputerswouldneverbecapableof______.
60.Theauthorbelievethatsuchwordsasthoughtandthinkingmightcometobetterunderstoodbecauseofresearchinto______andcomputers.
SectionB(10marks)
Questions61-65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
ThelifeofJackieChan
Oneofthemostpopularfilmpersonalitiesintheworld,JackieChancamefromapovertystrickenHongKongfamily-sopoor,claimsChan,thathewasalmostsoldininfancytoawealthyBritishcouple.Asitturnedout,Chanbecamehisfamily’ssolesupport.EnrolledintheChineseOperaResearchInstituteattheageofseven,hespentthenextdecadeinrigoroustrainingforacareerinthePeakingOpera,excellinginmartialartsandacrobatics.
BilledasChengLong,Chanenteredfilmsinhismid-teens,appearingin25productionsbeforehis20thbirthday.Startingoutasastuntman,Chanwaspromotedtostardomasthepotential
astuntman,Chanwaspromotedtostardomasthepotential
successortothelateBruceLee.Inhisearlieststarringfilms,hewascastasastone-coldserioustype,determinedtoavengeLee’sdeath.OnlywhenhebeganplayingforlaughsdidChantrulyattainfullcelebritystatus.FrequentlyreferredtoastheBusterKeatonofkung-fu,Chan’soutlookonlifeisalotmoreoptimisticthanKeaton’s,butinhistirelessdevotiontothemostelaborateofsightgagsandthemostawe-inspiringofstuns(manyofwhichhavenearlycosthimhislife),ChanisKeatonincarnate.
From1987’sTheYoungMasterinward,Chanhasusuallybeenhisowndirectorandscreenwriter.HisbestHongKong–producedfilmsincludethenonstopaction-festsProjectA(1983),PoliceStory(1986),andtheGoldenHorseAward-winningCrimeStory(1993)----nottomentionthementionthemultiplesequelsofeachoftheaforementionedtitles.DespitehispopularityinEuropeandAsia,ChanwasformanyyearsunabletomakeadentintheAmericanmarket.HetiredhardinsuchfilmsasTheBigBrawl(1980)andthefirsttwoCannonballRunflicks,butAmericanfilmgoersjustweren’tbuying.
Atlonglast,ChanminedU.S.box-officegoldwith1996’sRumbleintheBronx,afilmsoexhilaratingthattheaudiencenevernoticedthosedistinctlyCanadianmountainrangesloomingbehindthe“Bronx”skyline.ChanremainedthemostpopularAsianactorwiththegreatestpotentialwhenheco-starredwithChrisTuckerinthe1998box-officehitRushHour.ChanhadanothersuccessonhishandswithShanghaiNoon,acomedyWesterninwhichhestarredasanImperialGuarddispatchedtotheAmericanWesttorescuethekidnappeddaughter(LucyLiu)oftheChineseEmperor.
Questions61-63:
Readthequestions,andthentellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)
61.JackieChanstatedasacomedyactorandthenmovedintoseriousroles.
62.ChanwasverypopularintheUnitedStatesrightawaywithhisfirstmovie.
63.Thelastthreemoviesmentioned,RumbleintheBronx,RushHour,andShanghaiNoon-wereverysuccessful.
Questions64-65:
Answerthefollowingquestionaccordingtothepassage.
64.WhatdidJackieChanlearnforacareerinthePekingOpera?
65.WhendidJackieChangetfullcelebritystatus?
SectionC(10marks)
Questions66-70arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
WhatMakesSoundBeautiful?
(69)Beautyiscertainlymorethanshin-deep.Howeveryoumightdefineit,beautyextendsfarbeyondthevisualtothatwhichpleasesotherthemind.Themostimportantabeyondtheseotherroutesfortheobservationofbeautyisthesenseofhearing.Musicisroutinelyrecognizedasbeautiful.Soareothersounds,likethewhisperingofwindthroughpinesorthegentlepurringofacat.
Justasphilosophersandscientistshavestruggledtodefinevisualbeauty,theyhaveattemptedtoanalyzetheappealofpleasantsoundsaswell.Ultimately,sonic(声音的)beautyisintheearofthebeholder.Researchandintuitioncan,however,suggestwhyonepersonconsidersamusicalpiecegorgeouswhileanotherconsidersitabucketfulofnoise.
Theexistenceofnoiseisaclueinitself.Aconventionaldefinitionofnoisewouldincludeadjectivelikeunwanted,annoying,disorganized,ormeaningless.Soundsthathavenodiscernible(可是别的)patterntothemorthatintrudeonmentalorderarenotgenerallyconsideredbeautiful.Therelationshipofsoundtothesituationiscrucial.AnassertiveorchestralpiecelikeCopland’s“FanfarefortheCommonMan”couldbestrikinglybeautifulataFourthofJulycelebrationyetdecidedlyannoyingwhenitblaresfromsomeoneelse’sapartmentwhileyouaretryingtoconcentrateonadifficulttask.
Butitisthequesttodiscovertheroleofpatternthattakesusbeyondsuchobviousintuitivejudgmentsaboutthebeautyofsound.Inthe1930s,amathematiciannamedGeorgeBirkhoffproposedformulasthatwouldplaceagivenworkofartonanumericalaesthetic(审美的)scale.Morebeautifulartwouldscorehigherthanlessbeautifulart.HeProposeddifferentspecificsforanalyzingpainting,orgeometricfigures,orpoetry,ormusic,buthiscentralformulaisM=O/C.ThesymbolMstandsforbeauty,Ofororigination,andCforcomplexity.(70)Inotherwords,aworkofmusicthatisverywellorganizedandnotverycomplicatedscoreshigherthanaworkwithsimilarlygoodorganizationbutahighdegreeofcomplexity.Organizationisgood,complexityisbad.
ThisaspectofBirkhoff’sapproachclearlyoversimplifiesthecase.Organizationandcomplexitydocontributetotheperceivedbeautyofamusicalpiece,butnotasmereopposites.Theyentwineandinfluencethepieceincombinationwitheachotherandwithotherfactors.Toillustratethis,let’sconsideroneofth