英语词汇学习题集4.docx

英语词汇学习题集4.docx

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英语词汇学习题集4

ENGLISHLEXICOLOGY

SEMINAR1

PROBLEMSOFMODERNLEXICOGRAPHY

1.Findoutthedefinitionsfortheterms:

lexicography,lexicographer-dictionary-maker,compiler;vocabulary,dictionary,glossary,concordance,thesaurus,entry,head-word,dictionary-entry;addendum,appendix（addenda,appendices）,nonce-words,obsoletewords,etymology;AS=OE,fr.pr,ON,obs.,Teut=Germ;diacriticalmarks;frequencyindex（indices）;illustrativequotations;unilingual/bilingualdictionary;translationdictionary,explanatorydictionary;diachronicdictionary,historicaldictionary,synchronisticdictionary,descriptivedictionary.

2.GivethemainfactsofthehistoryofEnglishlexicography.

3.Dwellonthemainproblemsofmodernlexicography.

4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthemajortypesofreferencebooks,suchasadictionaryandanencyclopedia?

5.Discussthefundamentalprincipleswhichmakelearner'sdictionariesdifferentfromallother.

6.Whataretheessentialfeaturesofanewgenerationof"computer-corpusbased"dictionaries?

Whataretheadvantagesofarchivesofspeecheventscalledcorporaindictionarymaking?

7.Whatisthedifferencebetweentermsandwordsofthegenerallanguage?

Howcantermsbesingledoutonthebasisofdictionarydefinitions?

8.Howdointernationaltermscomparewiththosebasedonanationallanguage?

RECOMMENDEDLITERATURE

1.ArnoldI.V.TheEnglishWord.M.,1986（1973）ChapterXV（p.257-273）;

2.GinsburgR.S.ACourseinModemEnglishLexicology.M..1979,ChapterIX（p.210-235）

3.LeschevaL.M.WordsinEnglish:

ACourseinModemEnglishLexicology.Minsk.2001,Chapter9（p.136-154）

4.ГвишианиН.БСовременныйанглийскийязык.Лексикология.M.,2000.（с.173-203）

Exercises

I.Comparetheentriesforthefollowingwordsinanencyclopedicdictionaryandalinguisticdictionary.Howdifferentistheinformationyoucanfindineachtypeofdictionary.

eye,colour,light

II.Findoutasmuchasyoucanfromwhateversourcesyouhaveavailable,aboutoneormoreofthefollowingwords:

aga-saga,mickle,presenteeism,stakeholder,waif

III.Examinetheentriesforthefollowingwordsin2-3dictionariesofdifferenttypes

height,nucleus,subjective

Howmanynumberedmeaningsdoeseachdictionaryidentify?

Inwhatwaydoesthestructureoftheentrydependonthetypeofdictionary?

IV.Wouldyouexpectthefollowingwordstobeenteredmorethanonceinadictionary（ashomographs）oftobetreatedinasingleentry（asacaseofpolysemy）.Firstmakeaguessthenconsultadictionary.

coach（bus,givetraining）

cobble（stoneforpaving,mendshoes）

fence（roundafield,sportusingasword）

mount（ascend,mountain）

rook（bird,chesspiece）

stable（firmlyfixed,placeforhorses）

table（pieceoffurniture,tableoffigures）

whim（fancy,machineusedinmining）

V.Findthefollowingidiomsinyourdictionary.Whichwordaretheyunder?

Aretheycrossreferencedfromtheentriesforanyoftheotherwordsintheidiom?

flyintheointment,flyoffthehandle,

turninone’sgrave,turnoveranewleaf,

spillthebeans,fullofbeans

Whatadditionalinformationisgivenabouttheidioms?

VI.Findthedefinitionsforthewordaspectindifferentsystemsofterminology.

ENGLISHLEXICOLOGY

SEMINAR2

GENETICCOMPOSITIONOFMODERNENGLISHVOCABULARY

1.Topicsfordiscussion:

NativewordstheEnglishword-stock;

ForeignelementsintheEnglishword-stock;

Sourcesofborrowingsandstagesofborrowing.

Latin,Greek,Scandinavian,French,Portuguese,Spanish,Italian,Russianloanwords.

Assimilationofborrowings.

Internationalismsandtheirsources.

2.Definethefollowingterms:

semanticextension,narrowingofmeaning;

aloanword,etymologicaldoublets,loantranslations（calques）,semanticloan,hybrid,folketymology,sourceofborrowings,originoftheword;

phoneticassimilation,grammaticalassimilation,lexicalassimilation.

3.Thewordjunkwasoriginallyasailor'swordmeaning'oldrope',nowitmeans‘rubbish,uselessstuff’-thisisanexampleofextensionofmeaning.Thewordmeatoriginallymeant'food',nowitmeansonespecialtypeoffood-thisisanexampleofnarrowingofmeaning.Consultthedictionariesandestablishwhatkindofsemanticchangewasinvolvedinthedevelopmentofthewords:

1.tostarve（originallymeant'todie'）;2.gambit（chess:

'anopening¡nwhichWhiteoffersapawn-sacrifice'）;3.todiscipline（originally'providediscipline,train,control'）;4.torefute（originally'disprove,confute'）;5.bird（originally'ayoungbird'）;6.fowl（originally'bird'）;7.deer（originally'beast,animal'）.

4.Whatmeaningsoftheverbstanddoyouknow?

TranslatethefollowingintoRussian:

1）Willhestandusachampagne?

2）Shestoodusagooddinner.3）Whoisgoingtostandtreat?

4）Ican'tstandtheman.5）Hecouldn'tstandtheheat.6）Westandapoorchanceofwinning.7）Whostandstowin?

8）Whatdowestandtogainbyit?

9）Istandcorrected.10）WhatIsaidyesterdaystillstands.

5.HerebelowaresomeborrowingsfromEnglishcurrentlyusedinRussian.Doyouknowtheoriginalwords?

WhatdotheylookandsoundlikeinEnglish?

бизнесмен,битник,бутсы,бульдозер,кемпинг,круиз,мокасины,мотель,сервис,стриптиз,хепенинг,хеппи-энд,хиппи,хипстер,хобби.

6.Usingadictionarycomparethemeaningofthefollowingpairsofwordsandexplainwhytheyarecalled‘etymologicaldoublets’

abridge–abbreviate,artist–artiste,captain-chieftain,card–chart,cavalry–chivalry,catch–chase,corps–corpse,egg–edge,gage–wage,hotel–hospital,hale–whole,liquor–liqueur,of–off,pauper–poor,raise–rear,senior–sir,scar–share,skirt–shirt,shade–shadow,whit–wight

kirk–church,nay–no,skin–hide,sky-heaven

warden–guardian,chair–cathedral,camera–chamber,

Analyzethesemanticchangesinthefollowingwords,andthephoneticfeaturesthatbetraytheirorigin.

7.Whatdoyouthinkisthedifferencebetweenthewordsinthefollowingpairs:

nightly-nocturnal,yearly-annual,cloudy-nebulous,heavenly-celestial,womanly-feminine,brotherly-fraternal,bodily-corporeal,goodly-considerable,friendly-benevolent,homely-domestic,truthful-veracious,earthly-terrestrial.

Insertthestylisticallycorrectwordfromthelistaboveintothefollowingsentences:

1.Hegavemea...answer.2.Theastronomersusedanextremelyelaborate...map.3.ToenablethestrugglingauthorstoliveSmithestablisheda...society.4.Newideaswereintroducedbothintotheforeignand...policy.5.Shelookedathim,hereyes...withsleep.6.Thisspecimenbelongstoaspeciesof...animals.7.Shewasin...fearoftheman.8.Theplacehada...airandthechildsoonquieteddown.9.Thisisan...publication.10.Shelookedvery...inhernewdress.

8.GiveadjectivesofLatinorigincorrespondingtothefollowingnouns:

cat,dog,ear,egg,eye,father,hair,life,mouth,nose,sea,side,sight,son,star,sun,time,town,uncle,youth.

LITERATURE

1.ArnoldI.V.TheEnglishWord.M.,1973（1986）,ChapterXIV.'Nativewordsversusloanwords'.

2.GinsburgR.S.etals.,ACourseinModernEnglishLexicology.M.,1979,ChapterVI.EtymologicalsurveyoftheEnglishWordStock,p.160-175.

3.PylesTh.,AlgeoJ.TheOriginsandDevelopmentoftheEnglishLanguage.1982.Chapter12.p.292-316.

4.РасторгуеваТ.А.Историяанглийскогоязыка.-Москва,2001.Стр.296-328（DevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyfromthe12thtothe19thcentury）.

5.РасторгуеваТ.А.Курслекцийпоисториианглийскогоязыка.-Москва,1.972.Стр.130-150.French,

ENGLISHLEXICOLOGY

SEMINAR3

METHODSANDPROCEDURESOFLEXICOLOGICALANALYSIS

1.Topicsfordiscussions

TheBackgroundofModernLexicologicalResearch.

TheStagesofInvestigation（observation,classification,generalisation,prediction,verification）.

TheMethodsandProceduresofAnalysis:

1.Contrastiveanalysis.

2.Statisticalmethodsofanalysis.

3.ImmediateConstituentsanalysis.

4.Distributionalanalysisandcooccurrence.

5.Transformationalanalysis.

6.Componentalanalysis.

7.Methodofsemanticdifferential.

1.Translatethesentences.Commentonthestructureandwayofformationofthewordsinboldtype.EnumeratethestructuraltypesofEnglishwordsknowntoyouandproductivewaysofwordsformation.

1.WhereIamgoing?

Tothesamenowhere?

Worse.I'mnotevengoing...I'mthere.2.Herevidencealibiedhim.3.HereforthefirsttimeIheardadefiniteregionalaccentunaffectedbyTV-ese.4.WhatdoIdoaboutakidwhocallsme"Hi,teach?

""Nothing,maybehecallsyou"Hi,teach"becausehelikesyou.Whynotanswer"Hi,pupe"?

5.Theearthispear-shaped.6.Thousandsofcommunitieshavemushroomedaroundairports.7.Thereisastowawayontheflight.8.Herentedadrive-yourselfcar.9.ThiswasanIncident-packedgame.10.Givethewindowsdoubleglazingtosoundproofthem.11.Shehastheclose-to-the-door-when-there's-anything-interesting-going-ontechniqueveryhighlydeveloped.12.Scotsprepareabigdemoonrents.

2.Useexplanatoryandtranslationdictionariestocomparethesemanticstructureofthefollowingwordsfromdifferentlanguages.Whichofthemeaningsarethesameandwhicharedifferent.

car-машина,sweet-сладкий,red-красный,clock-часы,dinner-обед,stage-сцена,high-высокий,blow-удар,land-земля,letter-письмо,glass–стекло,ticket-билет

3.AnalyzethemeaningoftheitalisizedwordsHowmanymeaningscanyouidentify.

1.1）Heboughtachairatthefurniturestore.2）Hewascondemnedtothe（electric）chair.3）Pleaseaddressthechair.4）Hewillchairthemeeting.5）Hewasappointedtothechairobphilosophyattheuniversity.

2.1）Theh