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iBT托福考试阅读解题攻略大全
iBT托福考试阅读解题攻略大全
一.准备知识
1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点
(1)文章数量:
3-5篇(和听力相对应:
3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)
(2)文章长度:
650-750词/篇
(3)题目数量:
12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)
(4)测试时间:
20分钟/篇
(5)测试分数:
0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)
2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点
(1)主题:
辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:
所有文章都有标题)
(2)细节:
概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE?
FALSE?
NOTGIVEN?
Generalstatement ideas
Somedetails
(3)词汇:
辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:
认知(一词多义);词汇推断
(4)推断:
根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息
(5)态度:
根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:
WHY目的;HOW手段.
(6)结构:
判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构
托福阅读是以句子为核心的
3.阅读的本质:
(1)获取有效信息
(2)消除阅读障碍
4.文章结构特点
(1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.
Ø 结构主体(支撑):
主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).
Ø 细节主体(填充)
(2)文章具体结构如下:
Ø Intro:
background(细节)& topic(结构)
Ø Body:
sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节) &evidence(细节)
Ø Conclusion:
topic(结构)
二.阅读方法
1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法
(1)句子阅读中的障碍
1)定语
Ø 前置定语:
adj+n
Ø 后置定语:
n+ adjphrase形容词短语:
abookusefulforyou
prepphrase介词短语:
apenonthedesk
v-ing/-edphrase分词短语:
apersonwalkingontheroad;atooldevelopedfortheproject
不定式:
awaytosolvetheproblem
注:
² 分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词
² 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰
² 不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方:
sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem
Ø 定语从句:
² 关系代词引导定语从句:
that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引导的是非完整句,whose引导的是完整句)
² 关系连词:
when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引导的是完整句
² 介词+关系代词:
inwhich,此关系代词不包括what
2)同位语:
同插入语一样处理----删除
Ø A,B(定语从句/同位语从句)
Ø A,orB
Ø Athat+句子(完整句)
Ø AofB:
thecityofBeijing
1)括号匹配
Ø ……关联词(完整句)
Ø ……(关联词+非完整句)
2)划右括号的条件:
Ø 句子终结
Ø 连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前
例1:
However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthat(atomandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously)andthat(stimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker)
例2:
Itappearedthat〔Canadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamilies(thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution)〕.
例3:
Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances(同位语,删除),canbedividedintofourdistincteras:
thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcentury(whenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethat(foodcontainedconstituents(thatwereessentialforhumanfunction))andthat(differentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents).
例4:
Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger(同位语,删除),wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwater,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.
例5:
ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthat(reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsoinNorth,thoughlessspectacularly).
例6:
Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenthcenturyinwhich(themakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeact)and(theworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistanttobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble).
例7:
Anyone(whohashandleafossilizedbone)knowsthat(itisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmoderncounterpart),themostobviousdifferencebeingthat(itisoftenmuchheavier)独立主格结构.
例8:
Theimpressivegaininoutput〔stemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhich(workersmadegoodssince1790’s)〕,NorthAmericanenterpreneurs----evenwithoutthetechnologicalimprovement----hadbroadendedthescopeoftheoutworksystem(thatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstosuccessionofworkers(whoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess))
例9:
Thefactthat(artisanss,(whowerelockedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury),(arefrequentlyconsideredartiststoday)isdirectlyattributabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury)
例10:
AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamBbyrdofVirginian,andtheAliensabdHamiltonsofPhiladelphia(同位语)introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists〔privilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists〕andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutions〔devotedtoitsencouragement〕.
(2)倒装句的阅读方法
1)部分倒装处理方法:
把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.
2)完全倒装的处理方法
Ø 构成主语的成分:
名词
代词
The+形容词
不定式
主语从句
动名词
P.S.:
比较句
1.三要素:
比较主体,比较点,比较结果
2.分类:
静态:
状态
动态:
动作
3.动态比较句的形式:
(1)S+Vi+adv的比较级+than+…
例:
IrunfasterthanTom.
.(唯一正确的书面用法,上两个用在口语中也可)
(2)S+Vt+O+adv比较级+than
例:
IloveyoumorethanTom.
唯一正确的书面用法,上两个用在口语中也可)
(3)S+Vt+adj比较级+O+than+…
例:
IraisemorepigsthanTom
(唯一正确的书面用法,上两个用在口语中也可)
阅读和写作的关系:
为写作提供原始模仿素材,并且是抽象结构.
Basictoanyunderstandingofthedisadvantagesofbuildingalargefactorynearacommunityis_________
例1:
Herein(adv)lay(宾语)thebeginningofwhatultimately(最终)turnedfromignorance(无知)todenialofthevalueofnutritiontherapiesinmedicine(主语).
例2:
Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals(主语),sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.
例3:
WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom(thatfollowedit)独立主格,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.没有倒装
例4:
BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar(宾语)isthecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth(主语).
句子结构:
adj+prep+B+be+A=A+be+adj+prep+B
例5:
Amongthespeciesofseabirds(thatusethewindsweptcliffoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoung)arecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets(主语).
句子结构:
AmongA+be+B=B是A的一部分
例6:
Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:
(thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhich(sculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony)).
例7:
Mostimportantperhaps,wasthat(theyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelity(状语)amanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica’sfirstpopularlandscapesartist,ThomasCole,(whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainscenery〔bordingtheHudsonRiver〔)).
句型结构:
S+Vt+prep+n1(介词短语)+n2,Vt的宾语实际上是n2.
例8:
Withtheturn-of-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspiration(独立主格),suchaswoodenAfricanfiguresandmasks,therearoseanewurgeforhands-on,personalexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium(主语).
例9:
Accustomedthoughweareto(倒装)speakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as‘slient’,thefilmhasneverbeenseen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.
句型结构:
adj+though+S+be+prep+n=though+S+be+adj+prep+n,仅发生在让步状语从句中.
例10:
Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem(同位语),tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being(主语).
句型结构:
theimportanceofAtoB=A对B的重要性
例11:
MatchingtheinfluxofforeignimmigrantsintothelargercitiesoftheUnitedStatesduringthelatenineteenthcenturywasadomesticmigration(主语),fromtownandfarmtocity,withintheUnitedStates.
例12:
Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils(虚拟条件句ifithadnotbeen),theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.
(4)强调句的阅读方法
Ø 构成:
It+be+强调成分+that/who+其他成分
Ø 注意:
把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整\正确的就是强调句.
强调句不强调形容词和代词.
例1:
Itwasjustadecadebeforethis(强调句)thatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyrocketingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitaminsandliteratureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavatietyofhealth-relatedconditions.
例2:
Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,(强调句)whopublishedthefirstofficecopiesoftheDeclaraton,thefirstcopie(thatincludedthenamesofitssingersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteencolonies).
例3:
Itwasinthecities(强调句)thattheelements(thatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared-----theuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoalorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools).
2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读
(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING
1) 需要详细阅读的内容
Ø 结构主体的内容
Ø 非举例性质的概括描述
Ø 题目映射回原文的内容
2) 可以快速浏览的内容
Ø 大量的数据堆砌
Ø 明显的举例:
为何而举,举例主体,结束位置
Ø 对比\类比读一半
Ø 让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)
(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论
1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\
二次阅读
2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑
Ø 加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法
ü 可以合并为意群的成分:
² 副词
² 介词短语
² 分词短语
² 非谓语的不定式
² 主语和谓语或谓语和宾语
² 固定搭配
例:
Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must process hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.