iBT托福考试阅读解题攻略大全.docx

1、iBT托福考试阅读解题攻略大全iBT托福考试阅读解题攻略大全一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪- TRUE? FA

2、LSE? NOT GIVEN?General statement ideas Some details (3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. 结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). 细节主体(填充)

3、(2) 文章具体结构如下: Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构) Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节) Conclusion: topic(结构)二.阅读方法1.精读-句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语 前置定语: adj+n 后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for you prep phrase介词短语: a pen on the desk v-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the ro

4、ad; a tool developed for the project 不定式: a way to solve the problem注: 分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰 不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem 定语从句: 关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句) 关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整

5、句 介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理-删除 A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句) A, or B A that + 句子( 完整句) A of B: the city of Beijing1) 括号匹配 关联词 (完整句) (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 划右括号的条件: 句子终结 连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light

6、 spontaneously) and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution).例3: The history of clinical nu

7、trition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (fo

8、od contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语，删除), was able to maintain a

9、steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direc

10、t carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually

11、not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier) 独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790s), North American enterpreneurs-even without the technological improvement-had b

12、roadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process)例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century

13、), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to t

14、hose colonistsprivileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法 构成主语的成分:名词代词The +

15、形容词不定式主语从句动名词P.S. : 比较句1. 三要素: 比较主体, 比较点, 比较结果2. 分类: 静态: 状态 动态: 动作3. 动态比较句的形式:(1) S + Vi + adv的比较级+ than +例: I run faster than Tom.(唯一正确的书面用法，上两个用在口语中也可) （）S+ Vt + O+ adv比较级than例：I love you more than Tom. 唯一正确的书面用法，上两个用在口语中也可)（）S + Vt + adj比较级 O + than + 例：I raise more pigs than Tom( 唯一正确的书面用法，上两个用在

16、口语中也可)阅读和写作的关系：为写作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象结构Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages of building a large factory near a community is _例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the

17、 column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格, young people married and establish

18、ed households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the countrys impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5

19、: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthet

20、ic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition c

21、onsistent with those of Americas first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bording the Hudson River).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional source

22、s of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as slient, the film has never been seen, in the full sens

23、e of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particul

24、ar ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, wit

25、hin the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法 构成：It + be + 强调成分that/ who+ 其他成分 注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整正确的就是强调句强调句不强调形容词和代词例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)tha

26、t many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published

27、the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-the use of money and commercia

28、l paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2.泛读-快速阅读与有效阅读 (1)阅读中的详略结合-SKIMMING 1)需要详细阅读的内容

29、结构主体的内容 非举例性质的概括描述 题目映射回原文的内容 2)可以快速浏览的内容 大量的数据堆砌 明显的举例:为何而举,举例主体,结束位置 对比类比读一半 让步转折读一半(转折以后的那一半) (2)理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建-模糊理解理论 1)阅读中的恶习-指读声读回读视角高度过低 二次阅读 2)理解单位和阅读逻辑 加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合-焦点训练法 可以合并为意群的成分: 副词 介词短语 分词短语 非谓语的不定式 主语和谓语或谓语和宾语 固定搭配 例:Generally,inordertobepreservedinthefossilrecord,organismsmustpro

30、cesshardbodypartssuchasshellsorbones.Soft,fleshystructuresarequicklydestroyedbypredatorsordecayedbybacteria.Evenhardpartsleftonthesurfaceforcertainlengthoftimewillbedestroyed.Therefore,organismsmustbeburiedrapidlytoescapedestructionbyelementsandtobeprotectedagainstagentsofweatheringanderosion.Marineorganismsthusarebettercandidatesforfossilizationthanthoselivingonthelandbecausetheoceanistypicallythesiteofsedimentation,whereasthelandislargelythesiteoferosion.