专四语法解析.docx
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专四语法解析
情态动词
注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义:
1.表示已经发生的情况
(1)musthave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。
如:
MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:
“Areyoufeelingallright?
”
(2)can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。
如:
Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.
(3)may/mighthave+过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。
如:
AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.
2.表示虚拟语气
(1)needn’thave+过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,译为“其实没必要……”。
如:
Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.
(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该……”。
如:
Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.
(3)oughttohave+过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should的完成式含义类似。
如:
Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.
(4)couldhave+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。
如:
Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.
(5)may/mighthave+过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。
如:
Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.
3.几个情态动词常考的句型
(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨,最好”,与hadbetter相近。
如:
Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.
(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。
注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。
如:
Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.
Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.
(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。
(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外,大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。
如:
Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.
复合句——名词性从句
一个句子起名词的作用,在句中做主语、宾语/介词宾语、表语、同位语,那么这个句子就是名词性从句。
1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握:
what是关系代词,它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。
如:
Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.
(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)
Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)
2.whoever和whomever的区别
whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。
如:
Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语)
3.有关同位语从句的问题
(1)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要,也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。
that不表示任何意义,其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。
如:
Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.
(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开,注意识别。
如:
Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别
(1)主语从句只能用whether引导;
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式,而if引导的从句可以有否定式;
(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用,而ifornot则不能,ornot只能放在句末;
(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句,if则不能;
(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时,只能用whether引导;
(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位语从句也用whether引导;
(7)后接不定式时,只能用whether。
5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式,一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。
复合句——副词性(状语)从句
副词在句中起状语作用,故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子,那么该句便是副词性从句,也称状语从句。
状语从句可细分为:
时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为:
考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握,看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。
if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词,考生应尤其注意unless的用法,因为它表示反面条件,相当于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。
如:
Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.
(2)复合连词aslongas,solongas,asfaras,onconditionthat,intheeventthat;动词及分词provided(that),providing(that),giventhat,suppose/supposing(that),assuming,say等引导条件状语从句。
如:
YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.
Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.
Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)
Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)
Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?
(假如……)
(3)祈使句表示条件。
如:
Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.
Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.
2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
(1)as引导让步从句,要求用倒装结构,把强调的部分置于句首。
如:
Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.
Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.
(2)while引导让步从句。
如:
Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.
(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。
如:
Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.
3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。
如:
Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.
(2)when引导时间从句时,如果出现在后半句,则表示“这/那时突然”。
如:
IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.
(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法,意为“当谈到……时”。
如:
Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。
如:
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:
“Areyoufeelingallright?
”
Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.
(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于assoonas。
如:
Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.
4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。
如:
Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.
Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.
(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。
如:
Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.
Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.
Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:
forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。
5.while,whereas引导对比从句
如:
WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.
Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.
6.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句
如:
Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.
Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.
7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句
如:
Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.
HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”
如:
InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.
非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)
forgettodo忘记(要做的事)forgetdoing忘记(已做的事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)rememberdoing记得(做过)
goontodo继而(做另一件事)goondoing继续(做原来的事)stoptodo停下来去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事
regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔
2.不定式的习惯用法
句型:
cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。
如:
Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.
WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.
3.动名词的习惯用法
句型:
bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.
cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.
Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.
4.therebe非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。
如:
Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeing。
如:
Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.
(fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)
Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)
Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因状语)
(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。
如:
Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeing。
如:
Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.
定语从句中关系代词that的用法
(1)在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。
例如:
Theyaretalkingaboutthepeopleandcountriesthattheyhadvisited.
(2)在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。
例如:
HeisthebeststudentthatIhaveevermet.
(3)在以“Itis...”,“Itwas...”等开头的强调句中,和相应的疑问句中。
如:
Whatisitthathewants?
(4)在only,all,little的后面
ThisisallthatI