语言学资料机密级.docx

语言学资料机密级.docx

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语言学资料机密级

定义（Definition）

Phonetics:

Itisthescientificstudyofspeechsounds.Itstudieshowspeechsoundsarearticulated,transmitted,andreceived.

Phonology:

Itisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage.Itstudiesthewaysspeechsoundsareorganized.

Morphology:

Itisthestudyoftheformationofwords.Itisabranchoflinguisticswhichbreakswordsintomorphemes.

***Syntax:

Itdealswiththecombinationofwordsintophrases,clausesandsentences.Itisthegrammarofsentenceconstruction.

Semantics:

Itisabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaninginallitsformalaspects.Wordshaveseveraltypesofmeaning.Asentenceneedstobewellformedbothsyntacticallyandsemantically.

Pragmatics:

Itcanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Itdealswithhowspeakersuselanguageinwayswhichcannotbepredictedfromlinguisticknowledgealone,andhowhearersarriveattheintendedmeaningofspeakers.

Linguistics:

Itcanbedefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.Itisascienceinthesensethatitscientificallystudiestherules,systemsandprinciplesofhumanlanguages.Itdealswithawiderangeoflinguisticphenomena,analyzesthem,andmakesgeneralstatementsaboutthem.

Language:

Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

术语翻译（termstranslation）

linguistics语言学

philology语文学

phonetics语音学

phonology音位学

morphology形态学

syntax句法学

semantics语义学

pragmatics语用学

sociolinguistics社会语言学

psycholinguistics心理语言学

macrolinguistics宏观语言学

stylistics文体学

textlinguistics文本语言学

computationallinguistics计算语言学

cognitivelinguistics认知语言学

appliedlinguistics应用语言学

language语言

arbitrariness随意性

duality二重性

productivity创造性

interchangeability互换性

displacement位移性

specialization特殊性

culturaltransmission文化的传递性

synchroniclinguistics共时语言学

diachroniclinguistics历时语言学

langue语言

parole言语

competence语言能力

performance语言行为

psychologicalconstruct心理构建

syntagmaticrelations横组合关系

paradigmaticrelations纵聚合关系

functionalism功能主义

formalism形式主义

speechorgans发音器官

articulatoryphonetics发声语音学

acousticphonetics声学语音学

auditoryphonetics听觉语音学

articulators发音器官

voicedsounds浊音

voicelesssounds清音

variationsofsounds音的变体

elision省音

assimilation同化

phonemes音位

minimalpairs最小对立体

minimalsets最小集合

freevariation自由变体

distinctivefeatures区别特征

syllables音节

consonantclusters辅音丛

suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征

stress重音

intonation语调

freemorphemes自由词素

boundmorphemes黏着词素

compounding合成

derivation派生

conversion转类

backformation逆构词

clipping截短构词法

blending混合

acronym首字母拼音词

initialism首字母拼写词

wordclasses词类

structuralanalysis结构分析

immediateconstituentanalysis直接成分分析

ideationalfunction意念功能

interpersonalfunction人际功能

textualfunction语篇功能

namingtheory命名理论

semantictriangle语义三角

stimulusresponsetheory刺激反应论

sense意义

reference指称

conceptualmeaning概念意义

connotativemeaning内涵意义

socialmeaning社会意义

affectivemeaning情感意义

reflectivemeaning反射意义

collocativemeaning搭配意义

thematicmeaning主位意义

semanticfields语义场

componentialanalysis成分分析

homonymy同形异义

polysemy一词多义

homophony同音异形异义

synonymy同义关系

antonymy反义关系

hyponymy上下义关系

meronymy整体部分关系

entailment蕴含关系

presupposition前提关系

inconsistency矛盾关系

implicature暗含关系

micropragmatics微观语用学

deixis指示语

anaphora回指

macropragmatics宏观语用学

iteratives重复词语

cleftsentences断裂句

locutionaryact言内行为

illocutionaryact言外行为

perlocutionaryact言后行为

theCooperativePrinciple合作原则

conversationalimplicatures会话含意

thePolitenessPrinciple礼貌原则

giveninformation已知信息

newinformation新信息

topic话题

comment述题

contrast对比

cohesion衔接

substitution替代

ellipsis省略

conjunction连词

lexicalcohesion词汇衔接

coherence连贯

discoursemarkers话语标记

adjacency相邻对

preferencestructure优选结构

presequences前序列

languagevarieties语言的变体

standardlanguage标准方言

dialects方言

registers语域

pidgins洋泾浜

creoles克里奥耳语

linguafranca共通语

languageplanning语言规划

diglossia双言

bilingualism双语制

multilingualism多语制

code-switching语码转换

linguistictaboos语言禁忌

euphemisms委婉语

categorization范畴化

prototypetheory典型理论

levelsofcategorization范畴的层次

conceptualmetaphor概念隐喻

conceptualdomain概念域

targetdomain目标域

sourcedomain始发域；原域

conceptualmetonymy概念转喻

figuresandground图形与背景

theframeandattentionapproach框架与注意

iconicity象似性

grammaticalization语法化

lexicalchangeandprototypicality词汇演变

languageacquisition语言习得

thebehavioristapproach行为主义方法

theinnatenessapproach天赋取向法

secondlanguageacquisition二语习得

contrastiveanalysis对比分析

erroranalysis错误分析

interlanguange中介语

fossilization语言停滞/僵化

languageaptitude语言学能

cognitivestyle认知风格

fielddependence场依赖

fieldindependence场独立

personalitytraits个性特征

introversion内向

extroversion外向

learningstrategies学习策略

辅音描述（consonantsdescription）

Bilabial

Labio-dental

Dental

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Stops

VL

p

t

k

VD

b

d

g

Fricatives

VL

f

θ

s

ʃ

h

VD

v

δ

z

ʒ

Affricates

VL

（tʃ）

tʃ

VD

（dʒ）

dʒ

Nasals

VD

m

n

ŋ

Liquids

VD

l,r

Glides

VD

w

j

重要概念区分（majorconceptiondistinguish）

1.synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics

Languagecanbestudiedatagivenpointintimeorovertime.Whenwestudylanguageatoneparticulartime,itiscalledsynchroniclinguistics.Whenwestudylanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime,itiscalleddiachronicorhistoricallinguistics.Synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhilediachroniclinguisticsfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.

2.langueandparole

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.Langueisthesocial,conventionalsideoflanguage,whileparoleisindividualizedspeech.Langueisthecode,andparoleisthemessage.

3.competenceandperformance

Competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformalrelations,whileperformancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,theactualuseofthisknowledge.

4.syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations

Theformerreferstothehorizontalrelationshipbetweenlinguisticelements,whichformlinearsequences.Thelattermeanstheverticalrelationshipbetweenforms,whichmightoccupythesameparticularplaceinastructure.

5.functionalismandformalism

Functionalismreferstothestudyoftheformsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.Itconsiderstheindividualasasocialbeingandinvestigatesthewayinwhichshe/heacquireslanguageandusesitinordertocommunicatewithothersinherorhissocialenvironment.Formalismorformallinguisticsisthestudyoftheabstractformsoflanguageandtheirinternalrelations.Itfixesontheformsoflanguagesasevidenceoftheuniversalswithoutconsideringhowtheseformsfunctionincommunicationandthewaysofsociallifeindifferentcommunities.

画树形图（drawtreediagrams）

回答问题（answerthequestions）

1.Q:

Designfeaturesoflanguage

A:

（ⅰ）arbitrariness:

Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.

（ⅱ）duality:

Itoperatesontwolevelsofstructure.Atonelevelareelementswhichhavenomeaninginthemselvesbutwhichcombinetoformunitsatanotherlevelwhichdohavemeaning.Thisorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels—alevelofsoundswhichcombineintoasecondleveloflargerunits—iscalleddualityordoublearticulation.

（ⅲ）productivity:

Thisreferstoman’slinguisticabilitywhichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesinournativelanguage,includingthesentenceswhichwereneverheardbefore.

（ⅳ）interchangeability:

Thisreferstothefactthatmancanbothproduceandreceivemessages,andhisrolesasaspeakerandahearercanbeexchangedatease.

（ⅴ）displacement:

Itisapropertyoflanguageenablingpeopletotalkaboutthingsremoteeitherinspaceorintime.Byvirtueofthisfeaturemancantalkaboutevents,locations,andobjectswhicharefarremovedfromthepresenttimeandcontext.

（ⅵ）specialization:

Itreferstothefactthatmandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.

（ⅶ）culturaltransmission:

Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itcannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.Ahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirelanguage.

2.Q:

TheCooperativePrinciple

A:

TheCooperativePrincipleisasetofassumptionsguidingtheconductofconversation.

Itsmaxims:

TheMaximofQuality

Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue,i.e.

（ⅰ）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse;

（ⅱ）Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

TheMaximofQuantity

（ⅰ）Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired（forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange）;

（ⅱ）Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

TheMaximofRelation

Berelevant.

TheMaximofManner

Beperspicuous,i.e.

（ⅰ）Avoidobscurityofexpression;

（ⅱ）Avoidambiguity;

（ⅲ）Bebrief（avoidunnecessaryprolixity）;

（ⅳ）Beorderly.

3.Q:

Cohesionandcoherence

A:

Cohesionisanimportantfieldofstudyindiscourseanalysis.Itreferstothegrammaticaland/orlexicalrelationshipsbetweenthedifferentelementsofadiscourse.Thekeytotheconceptofcoherenceisnotsomethingwhichexistsinthelanguage,butsomethingwhichexistsinpeople.Itispeoplewho“makesense”ofwhattheyreadandhear.Theytrytoarriveataninterpretationwhichisinlinewiththeirexperien