linux实验手册.docx
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linux实验手册
LAB1==网络的基本配置
涉及的知识点:
1.基本配置文件
/etc/hosts:
是将IP地址和主机名联系起来的简单文本文件。
格式:
IP地址全限定主机名别名
举例:
192.168.0.2wanghui
说明:
将IP地址映射到,并且分配一个备用主机名wanghui。
实验拓扑
具体实验步骤:
编辑HOSTS文件:
[root@broot]#vi/etc/hosts
在HOST中添加一行:
192.168.1.202
用PING进行验证:
[root@broot]#ping192.168.1.202
PING192.168.1.202(192.168.1.202)56(84)bytesofdata.
64bytesfrom192.168.1.202:
icmp_seq=9ttl=128time=0.290ms
64bytesfrom192.168.1.202:
icmp_seq=10ttl=128time=0.293ms
PING域名验证成功:
[root@broot]#ping
PING(192.168.1.202)56(84)bytesofdata.
64bytesfrom(192.168.1.202):
icmp_seq=1ttl=128time=0.342ms
64bytesfrom(192.168.1.202):
icmp_seq=2ttl=128time=0.297ms
LAB2==如何修改主机的名字?
涉及的知识点:
/etc/sysconfig/network:
网络配置信息,系统启动时会引导这个文件。
内容:
NETWORKING=YES|NO
YES表示需要配置网络,NO表示不需要配置网络;
HOSTNAME=homename
主机的全限定域名;
GATEWAY=gw-ip
网络网关的IP地址;
GATEWAYDEV=gw-dev
网络设备的名称(例如eth0或者IP地址);
NISDOMAIN=dom-name
表示NIS域(如果有的话)。
具体实验步骤:
编辑network文件:
[root@broot]#vi/etc/sysconfig/network
在HOSTNAME中把主机名修改为
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=
重启LINUX
[root@broot]#init6
重新登陆linux中验证主机名
[root@broot]#hostname
LAB3===如何配置LINUX的网卡
1、涉及的知识点
可执行脚本和命令
/etc/rc.d/init.d/network{start|stop|restart|reload|status}
系统启动时的初始化脚本程序。
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface-name:
网卡配置文件。
内容:
DEVICE=物理设备名
IPADDR=IP地址
NETMASK=掩码值
NETWORK=网络地址
BROADCAST=广播地址
GATEWAY=网关地址
ONBOOT=[yes|no](引导时是否激活设备)
USERCTL=[yes|no](非root用户是否可以控制该设备)
BOOTPROTO=[none|static|bootp|dhcp](引导时不使用协议|静态分配|BOOTP协议|DHCP协议)
ifconfig:
命令用来在系统内核表中设置或读取网络设备参数
举例:
ifconfigeth0IP地址netmask子网掩码
说明:
配置IP和子网
举例:
ifconfigeth0hwetherMAC地址
说明:
配置mac地址
举例:
ficonfigdynamic
说明:
启动dhcp
举例:
ifconfigeth0[down|up]
说明:
启动或关闭网卡
netconfig:
通过通行界面配置网络。
具体步骤:
方法1:
修改ifcfg-interface-name文件
[root@broot]#vi/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
修改好IP地址、网关等信息
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.1.2
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
使配置生效
[root@broot]#/etc/rc.d/init.d/networkrestart
Shuttingdowninterfaceeth0:
OK]
Shuttingdownloopbackinterface:
OK]
Settingnetworkparameters:
OK]
Bringinguploopbackinterface:
OK]
Bringingupinterfaceeth0:
OK]
[root@broot]#servicenetworkrestart
验证是否修改成功
[root@broot]#ifconfig
eth0Linkencap:
EthernetHWaddr00:
0C:
29:
FC:
9A:
A6
inetaddr:
192.168.1.2Bcast:
192.168.1.255Mask:
255.255.255.0
UPBROADCASTRUNNINGMULTICASTMTU:
1500Metric:
1
RXpackets:
7387errors:
0dropped:
0overruns:
0frame:
0
TXpackets:
1453errors:
0dropped:
0overruns:
0carrier:
0
collisions:
0txqueuelen:
100
RXbytes:
709400(692.7Kb)TXbytes:
104537(102.0Kb)
Interrupt:
10Baseaddress:
0x1080
loLinkencap:
LocalLoopback
inetaddr:
127.0.0.1Mask:
255.0.0.0
UPLOOPBACKRUNNINGMTU:
16436Metric:
1
RXpackets:
570errors:
0dropped:
0overruns:
0frame:
0
TXpackets:
570errors:
0dropped:
0overruns:
0carrier:
0
collisions:
0txqueuelen:
0
RXbytes:
50022(48.8Kb)TXbytes:
50022(48.8Kb)
方法2:
使用netconfig
不详细叙述
方法3:
使用Ifconfig命令
把主机的IP地址设置为192.168.1.250
[root@broot]#ifconfigeth0192.168.1.250netmask255.255.255.0
验证是否修改成功
[root@broot]#ifconfig
eth0Linkencap:
EthernetHWaddr00:
0C:
29:
FC:
9A:
A6
inetaddr:
192.168.1.250Bcast:
192.168.1.255Mask:
255.255.255.0
UPBROADCASTRUNNINGMULTICASTMTU:
1500Metric:
1
RXpackets:
7387errors:
0dropped:
0overruns:
0frame:
0
TXpackets:
1453errors:
0dropped:
0overruns:
0carrier:
0
collisions:
0txqueuelen:
100
RXbytes:
709400(692.7Kb)TXbytes:
104537(102.0Kb)
Interrupt:
10Baseaddress:
0x1080
LAB4==如何禁用和启动网卡?
LAB5==如何在LINUX中上网
LAB6==在linux中采用adsl拨号上网
配置拨号设置
Lastlogin:
SatJul811:
04:
052006
[root@nsroot]#adsl-setup
WelcometotheADSLclientsetup.First,Iwillrunsomecheckson
yoursystemtomakesurethePPPoEclientisinstalledproperly...
LOGINNAME
EnteryourLoginName(defaultroot):
zhongguo
INTERFACE
EntertheEthernetinterfaceconnectedtotheADSLmodem
ForSolaris,thisislikelytobesomethinglike/dev/hme0.
ForLinux,itwillbeethX,where'X'isanumber.
(defaulteth0):
Doyouwantthelinktocomeupondemand,orstayupcontinuously?
Ifyouwantittocomeupondemand,entertheidletimeinseconds
afterwhichthelinkshouldbedropped.Ifyouwantthelinkto
stayuppermanently,enter'no'(twoletters,lower-case.)
NOTE:
Demand-activatedlinksdonotinteractwellwithdynamicIP
addresses.Youmayhavesomeproblemswithdemand-activatedlinks.
Enterthedemandvalue(defaultno):
DNS
PleaseentertheIPaddressofyourISP'sprimaryDNSserver.
IfyourISPclaimsthat'theserverwillprovidedynamicDNSaddresses',
enter'server'(alllower-case)here.
Ifyoujustpressenter,Iwillassumeyouknowwhatyouare
doingandnotmodifyyourDNSsetup.
EntertheDNSinformationhere:
202.106.0.20
PleaseentertheIPaddressofyourISP'ssecondaryDNSserver.
Ifyoujustpressenter,IwillassumethereisonlyoneDNSserver.
EnterthesecondaryDNSserveraddresshere:
PASSWORD
PleaseenteryourPassword:
Pleasere-enteryourPassword:
USERCTRL
Pleaseenter'yes'(twoletters,lower-case.)ifyouwanttoallow
normalusertostartorstopDSLconnection(defaultyes):
FIREWALLING
Pleasechoosethefirewallrulestouse.Notethattheserulesare
verybasic.Youarestronglyencouragedtouseamoresophisticated
firewallsetup;however,thesewillprovidebasicsecurity.Ifyou
arerunninganyserversonyourmachine,youmustchoose'NONE'and
setupfirewallingyourself.Otherwise,thefirewallruleswilldeny
accesstoallstandardserverslikeWeb,e-mail,ftp,etc.Ifyou
areusingSSH,theruleswillblockoutgoingSSHconnectionswhich
allocateaprivilegedsourceport.
Thefirewallchoicesare:
0-NONE:
Thisscriptwillnotsetanyfirewallrules.Youareresponsible
forensuringthesecurityofyourmachine.YouareSTRONGLY
recommendedtousesomekindoffirewallrules.
1-STANDALONE:
Appropriateforabasicstand-aloneweb-surfingworkstation
2-MASQUERADE:
AppropriateforamachineactingasanInternetgateway
foraLAN
Chooseatypeoffirewall(0-2):
2
Startthisconnectionatboottime
Doyouwanttostartthisconnectionatboottime?
Pleaseenternooryes(defaultno):
**Summaryofwhatyouentered**
EthernetInterface:
eth0
Username:
zhongguo
Activate-on-demand:
No
PrimaryDNS:
202.106.0.20
Firewalling:
MASQUERADE
UserControl:
yes
Acceptthesesettingsandadjustconfigurationfiles(y/n)?
y
Adjusting/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ppp0
Adjusting/etc/resolv.conf
(Butfirstbackingitupto/etc/resolv.conf.bak)
Adjusting/etc/ppp/chap-secretsand/etc/ppp/pap-secrets
(Butfirstbackingitupto/etc/ppp/chap-secrets.bak)
(Butfirstbackingitupto/etc/ppp/pap-secrets.bak)
Congratulations,itshouldbeallsetup!
Type'/sbin/ifupppp0'tobringupyourxDSLlinkand'/sbin/ifdownppp0'
tobringitdown.
Type'/sbin/adsl-status/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ppp0'
toseethelinkstatus.
启动拨号
[root@nsroot]#adsl-start
验证结果
[root@nsroot]#adsl-status
Note:
Youhaveenableddemand-connection;adsl-statusmaybeinaccurate.
LAB7====搭建LINUX的路由器
具体步骤
主机A为该机器设置好两个网卡,配置好IP。
[root@redhatnsroot]#ifconfig
eth0Linkencap:
EthernetHWaddr00:
0C:
29:
FC:
9A:
A6
inetaddr:
192.168.1.2Bcast:
192.168.1.255Mask:
255.255.255.0
UPBROADCASTRUNNINGMULTICASTMTU:
1500Metric:
1
eth1Linkencap:
EthernetHWaddr00:
0C:
29:
FC:
9A:
B0
inetaddr:
172.168.1.2Bcast:
172.168.255.255Mask:
255.255.255.0
设置好IP的转发功能
[root@redhatnsipv4]#echo1>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
用netconfig给主机B设置好IP地址并设置好网关地址172.168.1.2
[root@nsroot]#ifconfig
eth0Linkencap:
EthernetHWaddr00:
0C:
29:
7C:
34:
8D
inetaddr:
172.168.1.3Bcast:
192.168.1.255Mask:
255.255.255.0
用netconfig给主机C设置好IP地址并设置好网关地址192.168.1.2
[root@nsroot]#ifconfig
eth0Linkencap:
EthernetHWaddr00:
0C:
29:
7C:
34:
8D
inetaddr:
192.168.1.3Bcast:
192.168.1.255Mask:
255.255.255.0
验证结果
[root@nsroot]#ping172.168.1.3
PING172.168.1.3(172.168.1.3)56(84)bytesofdata.
64bytesfrom172.168.1.3:
icmp_seq=1ttl=63time=1.88ms
64bytesfrom172.168.1.3:
icmp_seq=2ttl=63time=1.42ms
DNS服务器
LAB==创建主DNS服务器
案例描述:
建立主域名服务器:
(请写出实验过程)
a)两台主机ip分别为192.168.1.1和192.168.1.2;主机名分别为和(windows系统即可)
b)名称服务器名:
c)添加两个正向区域,一个.一个;反向区域不做强制要求
d)正向解析文件添加二个A记录hx和bmail,一个CNAME记录www
e)正向解析文件添加二个A记录hd和amail,一个CNAME记录www
f)两个正向解析文件中分别添加各自域的MX记录
g)两台主机分别PING对方的域名,并在linux系统上分别用nslookup、dig、host测试。
具体步骤
[root@nsroot]#ifconfig
eth0Linkencap:
EthernetHWaddr00:
0C:
29:
52:
3E:
8F
inetaddr:
192.168.1.1Bcast:
192.168.1.255Mask:
255.255.255.0
[root@nsroot]#vi/etc/named.conf
在include"/etc/rndc.key";后添加以下内容
zone""IN{
typemaster;
file"";
allow-update{none;};
zone""IN{
typemaster;
file"";
allow-update{none;};
"/etc/named.conf"46L,938Cwritten
[root@nsroot]#cp/var/named/named.local/var/named/
[root@nsroot]#vi/etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=
[root@nsroot]#init6
[root@nsroot]#hostname
[root@nsroot]#vi/var/named/
$TTL86400
@INSOA..(
1997022700;Serial
28800;Refresh
14400;Retry
3600000;Expire
86400);Minimum
INNS.
INMX0
nsINA192.168.1.1
bmailINCNAMEns
wwwINCNAMEns
"/var/named/"12L,529Cwritten
[root@nsroot]#cp/var/named//var/named/
[root@nsroot]#vi/var/named/
$TTL86400
@INSOA..(
1997022700;Serial
28800;Refresh
14400;Retry
3600000;Expire
86400);Minimum
INNS.
INMX0