包勇麟英文译文 原文.docx

包勇麟英文译文 原文.docx

《包勇麟英文译文 原文.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《包勇麟英文译文 原文.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

包勇麟英文译文原文

China’sIntegrationinEastAsia:

ProductionSharing,FDI&High-TechTrade

GuillaumeGaulier,FrançoiseLemoine,DenizÜnal-Kesenci

1.SUMMARY

ThepaperanalysesChina’sinvolvementintheinternationaldivisionoflabouranditsconsequencesontheprocessofregionaleconomicintegrationinEastAsia.

Thein-depthanalysisoftradeflows,basedonChina’scustomsstatistics,showsthattheengineofChina’stradeexpansionhasbeeninternationalprocessingactivities,basedoninputsimportedfromAsiancountries.ProductionsharingwithadvancedAsianeconomieshasallowedforarapiddiversificationofChina’smanufacturingexportcapacities.FirmsinAsiahavemovedproductionfacilitiestoChina,enhancingChina’sintegrationintheregionaleconomyandleadingtothereorganisationofindustryinEastAsia.Foreignaffiliatesareresponsibleforamajorandever-growingpartofChina’strade,especiallywithAsiancountries.China’simportsofintermediateproductsfromAsianindustrialisedcountrieshavebeenanimportantchanneloftechnologytransferandhavehelpedChinatorapidlyimprovethehigh-techcontentofitsforeigntrade.However,uptonowthetechnologicalupgradingofChina’stradehasremainedquitecircumscribedtoforeignfirmproductionandexportbases.ThequestionnowiswhetherChinawillremaindurablydependentonforeigntechnologyorwillbeabletodevelopitsowntechnologicalcapacityinthecomingyears.

AsaresultofthereorganisationofproductioninAsia,atriangulartradepatternhasemerged.Inmanysectors,ChinaisusedasanexportbasebythefirmslocatedinadvancedAsianeconomies,whichinsteadofexportingfinishedgoodstotheAmericanandEuropeanmarkets,nowexportintermediategoodstotheiraffiliatesinChina.China’sexportstotheEUandtheUShaveskyrocketedandhavedisplacedJapan’sandNIEs’exportsatacceleratedpace.

Thepaperisorganisedasfollows.Afirstsectionpointsouthowglobalisationprovidesnewopportunitiesforlatecomerstoenterinternationaltradethroughproductionsharing,aphenomenawhichhasbeenespeciallywidespreadinEastAsia.AsecondsectioninvestigateshowChinahastakenadvantageofthisglobalisationprocessandshowsthatithasbecomeanassemblycountryforfirmslocatedinAsiawhichhavereorganisedtheirindustrialcapacitiesandextendedtoChinatheirproductionandtradenetworks.AthirdsectionanalyseshowChina’spositioninthesegmentationoftheproductionprocesseshasfosteredtechnologytransfer,whileinhibitingitsdiffusiontotherestofChina’seconomy.AfourthsectionexaminestheimpactofChina’semergenceonEastAsia’sintra-regionaltradeandtradewiththerestoftheworld.Thestructuralfactorsunderlyingthetriangulartradepatternwillremainstronginthecomingyears.

2.INTRODUCTION

Since1980,China’seconomyhasgrownattherateof9%ayearanditsforeigntradehasexpandedatthepaceofalmost15%ayear.Itsshareinworldtraderosefromlessthan1%toabout5%in2002.TheemergenceofChinaasagreateconomicandtradepowerisbringingfarreachingchangesintheworldeconomyandininternationaleconomicrelations.China’snowholdslargeworldmarketsharesintraditionalindustries（accountingforaboutonethirdofworldexportsinleatherandshoes,onefifthinclothing）,butisalsorapidlyenlargingitssharesinelectricalandelectronicexports,thefastestgrowingsegmentsofworldtrade.In2002Chinarecordedonefifthofworldexportsofconsumerelectronicsandofdomesticappliance.ForEastAsiancountries,Chinahasbecomeamajorpartner,theirfirstpartnerintheregion.In2003,forJapan,Chinawasthesecondexportmarket,behindtheUS,anditsfirstsupplier.ForSouth-Korea,ChinawasthefirstexportmarketanditssecondsupplierbehindtheUS.In2003and2004,theacceleratedincreaseofChina’simportdemand（+40%and37%respectively）hasbeentheengineofeconomicgrowthinEastAsia.TheaimofthepaperistohelpunderstandhowChinahasachievedsuchoutstandingtradeperformanceandtobringtotheforethefactorsunderlyingChina’scompetitivenessinworldmarkets.ItshowsChina’sinvolvementintheinternationalsegmentationofproductionprocessesanditsintegrationinAsianproductionnetworksareatthecoreofitsrapidtradeexpansion.

Thefirstsectionofthepaperpointsouthowglobalisationprovidesnewopportunitiesforlatecomerstoenterinternationaltradethroughproductionsharing,aphenomenawhichhasbeenespeciallywidespreadinEastAsia.AsecondsectionprovidesanindepthanalysisofChina’stradeflows.BasedonthedetaileddataavailablefromChina’scustomsstatistics,itassessestheroleofinternationalprocessingactivitiesandofforeign

affiliates4inChina’sforeigntrade,theimpactofproductionsharingwithAsiancountriesonChina’sgeographicandcommoditytradepatterns.Athirdsectionexamineshowassemblyoperationshavebeenanimportantchannelfortechnologytransfersbuthavenotfavouredthediffusionoftechnologyinthedomesticindustries.AfourthsectionfocusesonthechangeswhichhaveoccurredoverthelasttwentyyearsinEastAsiacountries’tradepatternsbothwithintheregionandwithrestoftheworld,asaresultofChina’semergenceasamajortradingpartner.

3.BODY

1）.TheEmergenceofChina

ChinaappearsasalatecomerintheinternationaldivisionoflabourinAsia.China’scasefurtherillustrateshowthesplitting-upofthevalue-addedchainbetweendifferentlocations（countries）andthedevelopmentoffirms’cross-borderproductionnetworksaredrivingtheprocessofindustrialgrowthandintegrationinAsia（UNCTAD,1996and2002;Borrusetalii,2000）.China’scasealsohighlightshowalatecomercanenterglobalisationandcarveoutitsplaceintheinternationaldivisionoflabour.Sincethemideighties,ChinahasbeeninvolvedininternationalproductionsharingwithAsianeconomies,asfirmsfromHong-Kong,Taiwan,Japan,SouthKorea,andotherAsiancountrieshaverelocatedtheirlabourintensiveindustriesinthemainland（Naughton,1996and1997）.FirmsfromtheUSandEuropeoperatinginAsianNIEshavealsomovedtheirfacilitiesinChina.However,FDIflowstoChinashowthattheUSandEuropehavedirectedarelativelysmallpartoftheirinvestmentabroadtoChina,comparedtoJapanandAsianNIEs6.TherapidexpansionofChina’sforeigntradehasbeencloselyassociatedwithanon-goingreorganisationofproductioninEastAsiadrivenbyexport-orientedinvestmentinthemainland（LemoineandÜnal-Kesenci,2002aand2004;Masuyama,2004;Fukaoetalii,2003）.

FDIinvestmentinChina,whichhasreachedhugeamounts,isconcentratedinmanufacturingindustries,astheservicesectorswerenotopenedtoFDIuptoChina’sentryintoWTO.From1990to2004,thecumulatedamountofFDIinChinareachedalmostUS$500bn,accordingtoChina’sstatistics.In2002,Chinareceived8%ofworldFDI,thatismorethantheotherAsiandevelopingcountriestakentogether（6%）

ThebenefitsthatChinahasderivedfrombecomingaproductionbasefortheEastAsianindustrialfirmsincludelargecapitalinflowsandarapidriseofexportswhichhavecontributedtoitsoutstandingeconomicgrowth,themodernisationofitsindustrialcapacitiesandthebuildingupofnewindustries（electricalandelectronicindustries）

（Lardy,2002;Lemoine,2000;Wu,1999;Naughton,1997;Huchet,1997）.

AsotherlatecomerssuchasMalaysia,Philippines,Thailand,Chinahasdevelopedaspecialisationinlowvalue-addedproduction,basedonitsalmostunlimitedsupplyoflow-costlabour.Itsriseininternationaltradeisheavilydependantonforeignaffiliateswhichhavedevelopedlimitedbackwardandforwardlinkages（Zhang,1999;Sung,2000;Wu,1999;LemoineandÜnal-Kesenci,2004）.

2）.CHINAINTHEINTERNATIONALDIVISIONOFLABOURINEASTASIA

2.1.China’sSelectiveTradePolicy

Tradepolicyisanimportantfactordeterminingacountry’sinvolvementintheinternationalsplitting-upofthevalue-addedchain.Tariffstructuremayaffectthedegreeofeffectiveprotectionofthedifferentsectorsastariffexemptionsandreductionsonimportedinputsincreasetheeffectiveprotectionenjoyedbytheassemblyactivitiesusingtheseinputs,asitreducestheircostsofproduction（GrubelandJohnson,1971）.

MostEastAsianeconomieshavefolloweda“dualtrack”tradepolicy,whichcombinedprotectionofthedomesticindustriesthroughrelativelyhighcustomstariffs,andexportpromotion,throughtariffexemptionsonimportedinputsforexportproduction（AndoandKimura,2003）.

Chinaprovidesanoutstandingcaseofsuchpolicy.Sincethemid-eighties,theChineseauthoritieshaveuseddifferentinstrumentstopromoteexports（Lardy,2002;LemoineandÜnal-Kesenci,2002a;Ianchovichinaetalii,2000;Naughton,1996）.Dutyexemptionshavebeengrantedtoselectedcategoriesofimportsinordertopromoteexport-orientedindustriesandtostimulateinflowsofcapitalandtechnologythroughforeigndirectinvestment.Intermediateproductsimportedtobeusedinproductionofexports（processingactivities）havebeenthemostimportantcategorybenefitingfromtariffexemptions.ConcessionnalimportdutieshavealsobeengrantedtoequipmentimportedbyforeignfirmsasacontributiontoinitialinvestmentinaffiliatesinChina.

AlthoughChinareduceditsaveragecustomstarifffrom41%in1992to16.8%in1998-2001,theadvantagederivedfromtariffexemptionshasremainedsignificantandthisselectivetradepolicyhasprovedverysuccessfulincreatingexport-orientedindustriesbasedonimportedinputs.Thelargegapbetweennominaltariffratesandcollectedtariffratesprovidesevidenceoftheex