TPO 13阅读详细解析.docx

TPO 13阅读详细解析.docx

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TPO13阅读详细解析

TPO13

Paragraph1：

1.Thewordcomplexinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○delicate

○elaborate

○private

○common

2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofarelationship?

○Itisastructureofassociationswithmanypeople.

○Itshouldbestudiedinthecourseofasocialinteraction.

○Itplacesgreatdemandsonpeople.

○Itdevelopsgraduallyovertime.

Paragraph2：

3.Thewordendowinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○leaving

○exposing

○providing

○understanding

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutinstrumentaltiesfromtheauthor'smentionofworkingwithcompetitorsinparagraph2?

○Instrumentaltiescandevelopeveninsituationsinwhichpeoplewouldnormallynotcooperate.

○Instrumentaltiesrequireasmuchemotionalinvestmentasexpressiveties.

○Instrumentaltiesinvolvesecurity,love,andacceptance.

○Instrumentaltiesshouldbeexpectedtobesignificant.

Paragraph3：

5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatdosociologistsseeasthemaindifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarygroups?

○Primarygroupsconsistofpeopleworkingtogether,whilesecondarygroupsexistoutsideofworksettings.

○Inprimarygroupspeopleareseenasmeans,whileinsecondarygroupspeopleareseenasends.

○Primarygroupsinvolvepersonalrelationships,whilesecondarygroupsaremainlypracticalinpurpose.

○Primarygroupsaregenerallysmall,whilesecondarygroupsoftencontainmorethantwopeople.

6.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheauthor'sclaiminparagraph3thatprimarygrouprelationshipssometimesevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships?

○Secondarygrouprelationshipsbeginbybeingprimarygrouprelationships.

○Asecondarygrouprelationshipthatishighlyvisiblequicklybecomesaprimarygrouprelationship.

○Sociologistsbelievethatonlyprimarygrouprelationshipsareimportanttosociety.

○Eveninsecondarygroups,frequentcommunicationservestobringpeopleintocloserelationships.

Paragraph4：

7.Thephrasesizeupinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○enlarge

○evaluate

○impress

○accept

Paragraph5：

8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Sociologiststhinkthatculturalpatternsestablishconnectionsbetweentheindividualandthelargersociety.

○Sociologistsbelievethatindividualswithasenseofonenessbridgethegapbetweensocietyandprimarygroups.

○Sociologiststhinkprimarygroupscontributetosocialsolidaritybecausetheyhelpmaintainasociety'sculturalpatterns.

○Sociologistsbelievethattheculturalpatternsthatprovidesocialsolidarityariseasbridgesfromprimarygroups.

9.Thispassageisdevelopedprimarilyby

○drawingcomparisonsbetweentheoryandpractice

○presentingtwoopposingtheories

○definingimportantconceptsandprovidingexamplesofthem

○discussingcausesandtheireffects

Paragraph7：

10.Theworddeviateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○detract

○advance

○select

○depart

11.Accordingtoparagraph7,whywouldasocialgroupuseshunning?

○Toenforcepracticeofthekindsofbehavioracceptabletothegroup

○Todiscourageoffendingindividualsfromremaininginthegroup

○Tocommendandrewardthebehavioroftheothermembersofthegroup

○Todecidewhichbehavioralnormsshouldbepassedontothenextgeneration?

Paragraph6：

12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Peoplewhodonotlivealone,forexample,tendtomakehealthierlifechoicesanddevelopfewerpathologiesthanpeoplewholivebythemselves.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

13.

PrimaryGroups

●

●

●

SecondaryGroups

●

●

AnswerChoices

○Developingsociallyacceptablebehavior

○Workingtogetheragainstcompetitors

○Experiencingpressurefromoutsideforces

○Viewingpeopleasameanstoanend

○Existingforpracticalpurposes

○Providingmeaningforlifesituations

○Involvingcloserelationships

TypesofSocialGroups

Lifeplacesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.Ourhumannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialinteraction.Moreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocialinteraction—andfairlyconstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.

Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:

expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,andpersonalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.

Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:

primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimpersonalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.

Anumberofconditionsenhancethelikelihoodthatprimarygroupswillarise.First,groupsizeisimportant.Wefinditdifficulttogettoknowpeoplepersonallywhentheyaremillingaboutanddispersedinlargegroups.Insmallgroupswehaveabetterchancetoinitiatecontactandestablishrapportwiththem.Second,face-to-facecontactallowsustosizeupothers.Seeingandtalkingwithoneanotherinclosephysicalproximitymakespossibleasubtleexchangeofideasandfeelings.Andthird,theprobabilitythatwewilldevelopprimarygroupbondsincreasesaswehavefrequentandcontinuouscontact.Ourtieswithpeopleoftendeepenasweinteractwiththemacrosstimeandgraduallyevolveinterlockinghabitsandinterests.

Primarygroupsarefundamentaltousandtosociety.First,primarygroupsarecriticaltothesocializationprocess.Withinthem,infantsandchildrenareintroducedtothewaysoftheirsociety.Suchgroupsarethebreedinggroundsinwhichweacquirethenormsandvaluesthatequipusforsociallife.Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.

Second,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyprovidethesettingsinwhichwemeetmostofourpersonalneeds.■Withinthem,weexperiencecompanionship,love,security,andanoverallsenseofwell-being.■Notsurprisingly,sociologistsfindthatthestrengthofagroup'sprimarytieshasimplicationsforthegroup'sfunctioning.■Forexample,thestrongertheprimarygrouptiesofasportsteamplayingtogether,thebettertheirrecordis.■

Third,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyserveaspowerfulinstrumentsforsocialcontrol.Theirmemberscommandanddispensemanyoftherewardsthataresovitaltousandthatmakeourlivesseemworthwhile.Shouldtheuseofrewardsfail,memberscanfrequentlywinbyrejectingorthreateningtoostracizethosewhodeviatefromtheprimarygroup'snorms.Forinstance,somesocialgroupsemployshunning（apersoncanremaininthecommunity,butothersareforbiddentointeractwiththeperson）asadevicetobringintolineindividualswhosebehaviorgoesbeyondthatallowedbytheparticulargroup.Evenmoreimportant,primarygroupsdefinesocialrealityforusbystructuringourexperiences.Byprovidinguswithdefinitionsofsituations,theyelicitfromusbehaviorthatconformstogroup-devisedmeanings.Primarygroups,then,servebothascarriersofsocialnormsandasenforcersofthem.

Paragraph1：

1.ThewordConsequentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○Therefore

○Additionally

○Nevertheless

○Moreover

2.Inparagraph1,theexperimentonthefungusNeurosporaismentionedtoillustrate

○theexistenceofweeklyperiodsofactivityaswellasdailyones

○thefindingofevidencethatorganismshaveinternalclocks

○theeffectofspaceontheinternalclocksoforganisms

○theisolationofonepartofanorganism'scycleforstudy

3.Accordingtoparagraph1,allthefollowingaregenerallyassumedtobetrueEXCEPT:

○Itisimportantforanimals'dailyactivitiestobecoordinatedwithrecurringeventsintheirenvironment.

○Eukaryoteshaveinternalclocks.

○Therelationshipbetweenbiologicalfunctionandenvironmentalcyclesisatopicofintenseresearch.

○Animals'dailyrhythmsaremoredependentonexternalcuesthanoninternalclocks.

Paragraph2：

4.Thewordpersistentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○adjusted

○strong

○enduring

○predicted

5.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressest