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TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation汇总
PREFACE
1.Thetheoryandpracticeoftranslationisthelogicaloutgrowthoftowardsascienceoftranslating(1964).
2.Thisbookisdesignedtoassistthetranslatortomasterthetheoreticalelementsandtogaincertainpracticalskillsinlearningtocarryoutprocedures.
3.Thoughitincludesscientificorientationtolinguisticstructures,semanticanalysisandinformationtheory,itknowsthattranslatingisascienceandaskill,andintheultimateanalysis,anart.
4.ItincludesillustrativedatadrawnprimarilyfromBibletranslating—theconcernofthebook’stargetreaderandbackgroundexperienceofauthors.
5.Bibletranslating:
agreatervarietyofcultures,awiderrangeofliterarytypesthananycomparablekindoftranslating.
1.ANEWCONCEPTOFTRANSLATING
1.Bibletranslationhaslongsinceexistedwhileunderlyingtheoriesoftranslatinghasn’tcaughtupwithskilldevelopment.
2.Practicaltranslationemphasizesintelligibility,amatteroflifeanddeath.
3.Theoldfocusoftranslatingismessageform,delightinreproducestylisticspecialties,rhythm,rhyme,chiasmus,parallel.Thenewfocushasshiftedfromtheformofmessagetotheresponseofreceptor.Theresponsemustbecomparedwiththatbytheoriginalreceptor.
4.Correctnessisdependentonreaders’comprehensionextent.
5.Differentsocio-educationallevelsofspeechandcomprehensionsnecessitatedifferentlevelsoftranslationarerequired,ifallaretounderstandequally.
6.Testofcomprehensibilityisconcernedwithdiscoveringandeliminatingtwotypesofexpressions:
1.Thoselikelytobemisunderstood;2.Sodifficultandheavyastodiscourageattempttocomprehend.
7.Whenahighpercentageofpeoplemisunderstandarendering,itcan’tberegardedasalegitimatetranslation.Besides,atranslationmaybetoostylisticallyheavytomakeunderstandingimpossible.
8.Eachlanguagehasitsowngenius,namelycharacteristics.
9.Insteadofreproducingformalstructureofonelanguageinanother,theeffectivetranslateshouldmakeanyandallformalchangesinthereceptorlanguage.
10.Anythingthatcanbesaidinonelanguagecanbesaidinanother,unlesstheformisanessentialelementofthemessage,forinstance,theacrosticfeatures(藏头诗,首字母连起来是人名)andfrequentintentionalalliteration,weshouldsacrificeformalnicetiesforthesakeofcontent.
11.SinceEnglishusesverbsmore,inGreektranslationintoEnglish,verbalexpressionshouldbeadvised,andthisisnotonlyright,butalsoessential.Theextentofformchangeisdependentonthelinguisticandculturaldistancebetweenlanguages.LeastformalchangeisrequiredinthecaseofUSAandGermany,whichpossesssimilarculturalsettings.
12.ThelanguageoftheBiblearesubjecttothesamelimitationsasanyothernaturallanguage.ThewritersoftheBiblicalbooksexpecttobeunderstood.Thetranslatormustattempttoreproducethemeaningofapassageasunderstoodbythewriter.Wemustnotgobehindoraheadofthewriter.
2.THENATUREOFTRANSLATING
1.Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.
2.Thetranslatormuststriveforequivalenceratherthanidentity.
3.AgoodtranslationoftheBibleisnotaculturaltranslation,butalinguistictranslation.
4.Fourpriorities:
a.Contextualconsistencyhaspriorityoververbalconsistence/word-for-wordconcordance(Reason:
1.Eachlanguagecoversallofexperiencewithasetofverbalsymbols,namely,wordstodesignatevariousfeaturesofexperience;2.Eachlanguageisdifferentfromallotherlanguagesinwaysinwhichthesetsofverbalsymbolsclassifythevariouselementsofexperience);b.dynamicequivalencehaspriorityoverformalcorrespondence(Dynamicequivalenceisnotnecessarilyaninferiorandlessaccuratemethodoftranslation,since,accuracyisdeterminedbythedegreeofcomprehensionbythereceptorscomparedtothatbytheoriginalreceptors);c.theaural/heardformoflanguagehaspriorityoverthewrittenform(morewillhearthescripturesreadthanreadthemselves);d.formsthatareusedbyandacceptabletotheintendedaudiencehaveprioritiesoverformsthoughttobetraditionallymoreprestigious(Greatimportanceshouldbeattachedtotheformsacceptedbytheaudiencethanthosewithlongerlinguistictraditionorliteraryprestige).
5.Dynamicequivalenceisdefinedintermsofthedegreeofcomprehensionbythereceptorsofthemessageinthereceptorlanguage,whorespondtoitinthesamemannerasthereceptorinthesourcelanguage.Theresponseisnotidentical,forcultural/historicalsettings.
6.Theinformativefunction:
onlyservedbyathoroughlyunderstandabletranslation;theexpressivefunction:
dynamicequivalenceintranslationismorethancorrectcommunicationofinformation.Peoplemustfeelaswellasunderstandwhatissaid;theimperativefunction:
inthecaseofBible,thedocumentnotonlydescribestheactsofGod,butalsoannouncesguidingprinciplesforproperhumanconduct.Therenderingsshouldbesufficientlyclear,inoldandcurrenttimes.
7.(4c)Thingstobearinmindifoneistoanticipatetheproblemsofthehearer:
1.Capitalizationisnotsufficienttocorrectthemeaningofotherwiseambiguousormisleadingtranslation(spirit);2.Onemustnotdependonthespellingtocorrectotherwisemisleadingpronunciations(lyres/liars);3.Termswhicharevulgarinpronunciationshouldn’tbeusedinthetext,evenwhenthewrittenformdoesn’tseemvulgar(ass);4.Thepunctuationshouldn’tbeemployedinanarbitrarymannertocorrectotherwisemisleadinggrammaticalarrangements;5.Answerstorhetoricalquestionsmustbeoftenprovided,sothatthehearerwon’tmisunderstandwhat’sinvolved;6.Unintentionaloralpunsshouldbecarefullyavoided;7.TheformsofpropernamesshouldbecompletelyadjustedtothephonologicalsystemofthereceptorlanguagesoasnottoprovidespecialproblemsforthosewhomustreadtheScriptures;8.Meaninglessnessshouldbeavoidedinatext;9.Overloadingofthetranslationshouldbecarefullyavoided.
8.(4d)3typesofScriptures(withliterarytraditionandbiblicaltext)arenecessary:
1.Atranslationwhichwillreflectthetraditionalusageandbeusedinthechurches,largelyforliturgicalpurposes;2.Atranslationinthepresent-dayliterarylanguage,soastocommunicatetothewell-educatedconstituency;3.Atranslationinthecommonorpopularlanguage,whichisknowntoandusedbythecommonpeople,andwhichisatthesametimeacceptableasastandardforpublishedmaterials.
9.(4d)Inlanguageswithoutliterarytraditionorbiblicaltext,onemustacceptasthenormtheoralformofspeechusedinformaldiscourse.
10.(4d)Insettinguppriorities,thefollowingaretobeconsidered:
1.non-ChristianshavepriorityoverChristians;2.theuseoflanguagebypersons25-30yearsofagehaspriorityoverthelanguageoftheolderpeopleorofchildren;3.Incertainsituationsthespeechofwomenshouldhavepriorityoverthespeechofmen
3.GRAMMATICALANALYSIS
1.2systemsfortranslating:
1.Setupaseriesofrulesintendedtobeappliedstrictlyinorderanddesignedtospecifywhat’stobedonewithitemsinthesourcelanguagesoastoselecttheappropriatecorrespondingforminthereceptorlanguage;2.Amoreelaborateprocedurewith3stages:
analysis(grammaticalrelationships/wordorword-combinationmeaning)–transfer(inthemindoftranslatorfromsourcetotargetlanguage)–restructuring(tomakethefinalmessagefullyacceptableinthereceptorlanguage).The2ndtranslationsystem,thoughseemingroundabout,ismorethoroughandinstructiveforthetraining/honingoftranslationtechniquesthanthe1stone.
2.3majorstepsinanalysis:
1.determinethemeaningfulrelationshipsbetweenthewordsandcombinationsofwords;2.Thereferentialmeaningofthewordsandspecialcombinationsofwords;3.Theconnotativemeaning,likehowtheusersofthelanguagereact,positivelyornegativelytothewordsorcombinationsofthem.
3.目录表:
Grammarhasmeaning;thesamegrammaticalconstructionmayhavemanydifferentmeanings;kernelsentences;wordswithcomplexstructures;classesofstructurallycomplexterms;therelationshipofsurfacestructuretokernels;relationshipofelementsinso-calledpossessiveconstruction;determiningthestructuralroleofelementsbymeansofthecontext;back-transformationsasatypeofparaphrase;differentconstructionsmayexpressthesamemeaningfulrelationshipbetweentheparts;grammaticaltransformationsfromkernels;theanalysisofseriesofkernels;
4.Object(designatethingsthatparticipateinevents),event(designateaction,likerun,jump),abstract(quantity,quality,degreeofobjects,events,likered/quickly/two/many),relation(meaningfulconnectionsbetweentheotherkindsofterms)
5.Eventsexpressedasverbs,objectsasnouns,abstractsasadoradv,relationalsasprepositions/conjunctionsarewhatlinguistscall“kernels”.
6.Classesofstructurallycomplexterms:
O-E(theobjectelementperformstheevent,disciple/player/heir/sinner),E-O(theobjectelementisthegoaloftheevent,gift/apostle/doctrine),E-A(theabstractqualifiestheimpliedgoaloftheevent,sanctify/justify),O-E-A(theobjectelementperformsaneventtoanimplicitgoalwhichacquiresaparticularquality,sanctifier/justifier),E-R(aneventwithanimpliedrelationship,reconcile,toactasanagentbetweenothers)
7.Back-formationasatypeofparaphraseofasurfacestructuretotheunderlyingkernelshavethreespecificfeatures:
1.Intralingualratherthaninter