新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit8课文语法讲解.docx

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit8课文语法讲解.docx

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新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit8课文语法讲解

新视野三版读写B2U8TextA

Animalsorchildren?

—Ascientist'schoice

1Iamtheenemy!

Iamoneofthosecursed,cruelphysicianscientistsinvolvedinanimalresearch.Theserumorssting,forIhaveneverthoughtofmyselfasanevilperson.Ibecameachildren'sdoctorbecauseofmyloveforchildrenandmysupremedesiretokeepthemhealthy.Duringmedicalschoolandresidency,Isawmanychildrendieofcancerandbloodshedfrominjury—circumstancesagainstwhichmedicinehasmadegreatprogressbutstillhasalongwaytogo.Moreimportantly,Ialsosawchildrenhealthythankstoadvancesinmedicalsciencesuchasinfantbreathingsupport,powerfulnewmedicinesandsurgicaltechniquesandtheentirefieldoforgantransplantation.Mydesiretotipthescalesinfavorofhealthy,happychildrendrewmetomedicalresearch.

2Myaccusershavetwistedthetruthintoafableandcastmeasthedevil.TheyclaimthatIhavenomoralcompass,thatItortureinnocentanimalsforthesolepurposeofcareeradvancement,andthatmyexperimentshavenorelevancetomedicine.Meanwhile,anuncaringpublicbarelywatches,convincedthattheissuehasnosignificance,andpublicity-conscioussenatorsandpoliticiansincreasinglygivewaytothelobbyingofanimalrightsactivists.

3We,inmedicalresearch,havealsobeenunbelievablyuncaring.Wehaveallowedthemostextremeanimalrightsprotesterstocreepinandframetheissueasoneof"animalfraud"andhatred.Wehavepersistedinourbeliefthataknowledgeablepublicwouldconsenttotheimportanceofanimalresearchforpublichealth.Perhapswehavebeenmistakeninnotrespondingtotheemotionaltoneoftheargument.Perhapsweshouldhaverespondedtothosesadslogansandpostersofanimalsbywavingequallysadpostersofchildrendyingofcancerorexternalwounds.

4Intheanimalrightsforum,muchismadeofthevolumeofpaintheseanimalsexperienceinthenameofmedicalscience.Activistsdenythatwearetryingtohelpandsayitisevidenceofourevilandcruelnature.Amorereasonableargument,however,canbeadvancedinourdefense.Lifeisoftencrueltoanimalsandhumanbeings.Teenagersareflungfromtrucksandsuffersevereheadinjuries.Youngchildrenbarelyabletowalkfindthemselvesatthebottomofswimmingpoolswhileaparentisoccupiedwithsomethingelse.From

everydaygermstogangviolence,nolifeisfreeofpain.Physicianshopingtorelievetheeternalsufferingofthesetragedieshaveonlythreechoices:

1）createananimalmodeloftheproblemtounderstandtheprocessandtestnewtherapies;2）experimentonhumanbeings（someexperimentswillsucceed,mostwillfail）;or3）leavemedicalknowledgestatic,hopingthataccidentaldiscoverieswillleadusforward.

5Someanimalrightsactivistswouldsuggestanoptionalfourthchoice,claimingthatcomputermodelscancreateanimalexperiments,thusomittingactualexperiments.Computerscanimitatetheeffectsofwell-understoodprinciplesoncomplexsystems,asintheapplicationofthelawsofphysicstoairplaneandautomobiledesign.However,whentheprinciplesthemselvesareinquestion,asisthecasewiththecomplexbiologicalsystemsofhumanlifeunderstudy,computermodelingaloneisoflittlevalue.

6Oneoftheterrifyingeffectsofarrestingtheuseofanimalsinmedicalresearchisthattheimpactwillnotbefeltforyearsorevendecades.Drugstocureinfectionwillremainundiscovered,surgicalanddiagnostictechniqueswillremainundeveloped,andfundamentalbiologicalprocessesthatmighthavebeenunderstoodwillremainmysteries.Thereisthedangerthatquickdecisionsbywell-meaningpoliticianswillcreateresolutiontodiplomaticallysatisfythesmallminorityofloudprotesterswhiletheconsequencesanddamagingimpactofthosedecisionswillnotbeapparentuntillongafter.

7Fortunately,mostofusenjoygoodhealth,andtheagonyofwatchingone'schilddiehasbecomearareexperience.Yetourgoodfortuneshouldnotmakeusunappreciative.Protectionfromserioussicknessanddrugstocombatheartdisease,highbloodpressureandstrokeareallbasedonanimalresearch.Mostcomplexsurgicalproceduressuchasheartorhipsurgeryandorgantransplantationsurgerieswereinitiallydevelopedinanimals.Techniquestoreplacedefectivegenes,thecauseofsomuchdisease,aswellasthedevelopmentofsyntheticorgansarepresentlyundergoinganimalstudies.Thesestudies,andanysubsequentadvances,willeffectivelyendifanimalresearchisseverelyrestricted.

8InAmericatoday,deathhasbecomeaneventisolatedfromourdailyexistence.Asadoctorwhohaswatchedmanychildrendieandseentheirparents'infinitegrief,Iamparticularlyangeredbyanyminuteexpressionofcaringforthesufferingofcreaturesandsolittleforsickanddyinghuman

beings.Peoplearetooprotectedfromtherealityofhumanlifeanddeathandwhatitmeans.

9Makenomistake,however.Iwouldneveradvocateneedlesscrueltreatmentofanimals.Theanimalrightsmovementhasmadeacontributioninmakingusmoreawareofanimals'needsandtheneedtosearchharderforsuitablealternatives.Butifthemoreradicalmembersofthismovementaresuccessfulinthreateningfurtherresearch,theireffortswillbringaboutatragedythatwillcostmanylives.Hencetherealquestioniswhetheranuncaringmajoritycanbearousedtoprotectitsfutureagainstaloud,butmisdirected,minority.

LanguagePoints：

1Animalsorchildren?

—Ascientist’schoice（Title）

Meaning:

Ascientistisnowfacingtwochoices:

infavorofanimalsorchildren.

2Iamtheenemy!

Iamoneofthosecursed,cruelphysicianscientistsinvolvedinanimalresearch.Theserumorssting,forIhaveneverthoughtofmyselfasanevilperson.（Para.1）

Meaning:

Iamtheenemy–theonewhoiscondemnedasacold-heartedphysicianscientistdoinganimalresearch.TheserumorsmakemeupsetasI'veneverconsideredmyselfasbeingevil.

Meaningbeyondwords:

Thephysician’sironictoneinthesentenceswellreflectshisindignationandangerattheanimalrightsactivists.

3Ibecameachildren’sdoctorbecauseofmyloveforchildrenandmysupremedesiretokeepthemhealthy.（Para.1）

Meaning:

Myloveforchildrenandstrongdesiretokeepthemhealthydrovemetobeachildren’sdoctor.

Usagenote:

supreme,superior,super,superb

supreme,superior,super,superb都是形容词，且词形相近。

它们都没有比较级，也没有最高级，但它们的词义和用法稍有差别。

1supreme基本词义表示“（程度）最大的，最高的，极度的”，一般用在名词前作定语，修饰名词，其副词是supremely，表示“极度地；极其”，常用于强调不好的品质。

例如：

TheSupremeCommanderwasinbadtemperasthetaskforhimhadchangedabruptlyandfundamentally.最高指挥官很生气，因为他的任务突然彻底地改变了。

2superior表示“更好的；更强的；更有效的”，明显含有“好”的意思。

例如：

Afewyearsagoitwasvirtuallyimpossibletofindsuperiorqualitycoffeeinlocalshops.几年前,几乎不可能在当地的咖啡店找到品质上乘的咖啡。

superior后可以接介词to，表示“比…更好的/更强的/更有效的”，在句中一般用作表语或后置定语。

例如：

Forallbabies,breastfeedingisfarsuperiortobottlefeeding.对于所有的婴儿，母乳喂养都远远优于奶瓶喂养。

Wehavearelationshipinfinitelysuperiortothoseofmanyofourfriends.我们之间的关系比我们许多朋友之间的关系好太多了。

superior也可以用作名词，指“上级；上司；长官”，其反义词为inferior。

superior不能用作副词。

3super表示“极好的；了不起的”，能兼用作副词表示“极其；非常”。

例如：

Theyhavegainedmarketleadershipbysellingproductsthatwereofsuperquality.通过销售高质量的产品，他们已获得了市场的领导地位。

Leeisverystraightforward,superhonestandhealwaysknowswhatheistalkingabout.

李非常直爽，且超级诚实，他总是知道自己在说什么。

（super用作副词）

“Didyouenjoythefilm?

”“Yes,Ithoughtitwassuper.”“你喜欢这个电影吗？

”“我喜欢，我认为它超棒的。

”

4superb的词义与super相同，表示“极好的；出色的；卓越的”，superb在句中不仅可以作定语，也可以作表语，其副词是superbly。

例如：

Thefactisthatthetelephoneserviceissuperbhere,asiscomparedtopostalservice.事实是，与邮政服务相比，这儿的电话服务是一流的。

Iamhighlyawareofthesuperbreputationofyourschool.我非常了解你们学校极佳的声誉。

4Duringmedicalschoolandresidency,Isawmanychildrendieofcancerandbloodshedfrominjury–circumstancesagainstwhichmedicinehasmadegreatprogressbutstillhasalongwaytogo.Moreimportantly,Ialsosawchildrenhealthythankstoadvancesinmedicalsciencesuchasinfantbreathingsupport,powerfulnewmedicinesandsurgicaltechniquesandtheentirefieldoforgantransplantation.（Para.1）

Meaning:

WhenIwasstudyingatamedicalschoolandbeingtrainedatahospital,Isawmanychildrendieofcancerandshedbloodfrominjury—situationsthatmodernmedicine,thoughhasadvancedalot,isnotabletocompletelyhandle.Ontheotherhand,Isawchildrenhealthybecauseofthemedicalachievementssuchasinfantbreathingsupportandsoforth.

Meaningbeyondwords:

Thecomparisonandcontrastbetweenthecasesofchildrenhewitnessedeffectivelyillustratestheimportanceandnecessityofanimalresearch.

5Mydesiretotipthescalesinfavorofhealthy,happychildrendrewmetomedicalresearch.（Para.1）

Meaning:

Mydoingmedicalresearchwasdrivenbymyprioritytokeepchildrenhealthyandhappy.

6Myaccusershavetwistedthetruthintoafableandcastmeasthedevil.TheyclaimthatIhavenomoralcompass,thatItortureinnocentanimalsforthesolepurposeofcareeradvancement,andthatmyexperimentshavenorelevancetomedicine.（Para.2）

Meaning:

ThosewhoaccusemeofhavingnomoralstandardsdistortedthetruthintoalegendarystorywhereIamdepictedasamonsterthattorturesinnocentanimalsonlyformycareeradvancementandmyexperimentshavenothingtodowithmedicine.

Meaningbeyondwords:

Theparallelstructureof“that”clauseevidentlystrengthenstheangrytoneofthephysiciananditobviouslyisapluswhenarguingforone’sviewpoint.

7Meanwhile,anuncaringpublicbarelywatches,convincedthattheissuehasnosignificance,andpublicity-conscioussenatorsandpoliticiansincreasinglygivewaytothelobbyingofanimalrightsactivists.（Pa