毕业论文外文翻译招标相关知识和招标合同文件.docx

毕业论文外文翻译招标相关知识和招标合同文件.docx

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毕业论文外文翻译招标相关知识和招标合同文件

Biddingrelatedknowledgeanddocumentscomprisingthecontract

1.Publicandprivatesectors

Biddingpracticesofthepublicandprivatesectorsoftheindustrydiffertremendously.Thetermpublicinthiscontextmeansthattheconstructionworkisfinancedbypublicfundsintheformoftaxdollarortheproceedsfromthesaleofmunicipal,state,orfederalbonds.

Publicandprivateworkhavedifferentbidrules.Publicconstructioncontractsareadvertisedandletinaccordancewiththebiddingstatutesandotherlegislativelymandatedrulesoftheparticulargovernmentalentitythatispayingfortheinstructionwork.Forinstance,whentheworkisfinancedwithfederalfunds,thelawsandregulationspromulgatedbyfederalagenciesandbodiesgoverntheprocessofadvertisingandawardingconstructioncontracts.Similarly,state,county,andmunicipalgovernmentshavestatutesandregulationsthatgovernwhentheirfundsareusedtopayforthecostofthework.Inaddition,specialgovernmentalorquasi-governmentalbodiessuchassewerorrapidtransitdistrictsareoftenestablishedbyspecialenablinglegislation.Theenablinglegislationusuallyprovidesdefinitiverulesforadvertisingandawardingtheconstructioncontractsrequiredtocarryoutthemissionoftheparticularspecialbodyinvolved.

Unlikepublicowners,privateownerscanestablishwhateverrulesthattheywant.Theyalsocanchangetherulesatwillwiththeresultthattheserulesarenotnecessarilyobserved.Althoughthepublicownerhastheabilitytosetparticularrulesandtochangethembyissuinganaddendumtothebiddingdocuments,thepowerisseverelyregulated.Abiddocumentaddendumisamodificationtothebiddingdocumentsformallyissuedbytheownertoallholdersofbiddingdocumentsbeforebidsarereceived.Inthepublicsector,theremustbeareasonabletimeperiodfromtheissuedateofthelastaddendumissuedandthedateoftheopeningtoensurethatallbiddershavesufficienttimetoreflectproperlytheimportoftheaddendumintheirbids.Biddersarerequiredtolistonthebidformalladdendareceivedfortheirbidstobeconsideredresponsive.Failuretolistaddendamayresultinthebidbeingrejected.

Intheprivatesectoranythingcanhappen,whereasinthepublicsectortheresultwillusuallybethatthejobwillbeawardedtothelowest“responsive”and“responsible”bidder.Thesetermshaveimportantspecialmeaningsthatwillbediscussedlaterinthechapter.

2.PublicBiddingStatutes

Therequirementsofthefederal,state,andlocalbiddingstatutesandresultingregulationsmaketheoutcomeofthebiddingprocessinthepublicsectorverypredictablecomparedtotheprivatesector.Thepurposesofpublicbiddingstatutesare:

1.Toprotectpublicfunds.Inotherwords,biddingstatutesaredesignedtoensurethatthepublicpaystheminimumpossiblepriceforconstructionworkdeterminedbyopencompetitivebidding.

2.ToprotectandensureacontinuationofthefreeenterprisesystemuponwhichthepoliticalandeconomicstructureoftheUnitedStatesisfounded.

Thepublicbiddingstatutesarestringentlywrittenandenforcedtoensurethatpublicsectorconstructioncontractingremainshonest.Increasing,thosewhoviolatetherulesfindthemselvessubjecttobothcivilandcriminalliability.Errantconstructioncompanieshavebeenassessedlargefinesandtheirownersorofficerssenttoprisonalongwithcorruptpublicofficialswhohavebeencaught,tried,andconvictedofviolatingthepublictrust..

3.BiddingDocuments

Thefirstcategory,biddingdocuments,normallybeginswithanadvertisement,originallydiscussedinChapter1.Thebacksectionofcontemporaryindustryperiodicals,suchastheEngineeringNewsRecord,containsaplethoraofbidadvertisementidentifiestheprojectforwhichbidsaredesired,theowner,thetimeandplaceofthebidopening,andinstructionstopotentialbiddersonhowtoobtainafullsetofcontractdocuments.

TheseconddocumentinthebiddinggroupisusuallytheInvitationforBids（IFB）or,sometimes,aRequestforproposal（RFP）.ThefederalgovernmentandsomeotherownersusetheIFBwhenbiddersmuststrictlyconformtothedrawingsandspecificationsandtheRFPWhenbiddersmayproposevariationsfortheproject.Bothtypicallyincludethefollowing:

Adescriptionofthecontractwork

Theidentityoftheowner

Theplace,date,andprecisetimeofthebidopening

Thepenalsumoftherequiredbonds（bidbond,performancebond,andlaborandmaterialpaymentbond）

Adescriptionofthedrawingsandspecifications,theircost,andwheretheymaybeobtained

Thelengthoftimeafterbidopeningthatbidswillbedeemedgood（durationofbids）

Rulesregardingthewithdrawalormodificationofbidsandlatebids

Informationregardinganyplannedpre-bidconferencesandpre-bidsiteinspections

Particularrequirementsoflawofwhichtheownerwantsbidderstobeaware

Anyspecialinstructions,otherrequirements,orotherinformationthattheownerwantstopointouttobidders.

InadditiontotheIFBorRFP,thecontractdocumentmayalsocontainasectorcalledInstructionstoBidders.WhenusedthissectionisanadjuncttotheinstructionportionoftheIFBorRFP.SometimesallnecessaryinstructionsareconcontainedwithintheIFBorRFP,andthereisnoseparateinstructionstoBidderssection.Morelogically,theInstructionstoBiddersisaseparatedocument,andtheIFBorRFPcontainsalloftheothernecessarybutnon-instructionalinformationthatabidderneeds.

Ineverycase,thecontractdocumentscontaintheBidForm..Bidderscompletethisdocument,sign,seal.,andturnitinattheappointedplace,priortothedeadlinesetforthesubmittalofbid.ThefullyexecutedBidFormconstitutesthe“offer”elementnecessaryforcontractformation,discussedinCharter2.NotethattheBidFormmustbecompletelyfilledout,signed,andsealed,alltheaccordancewiththeIFBorRFPandtheInstructionstoconstitutearesponsivebid.ThecontentsoftheBidFormusuallyincludethefollowing:

1.Adefinitivestatementofthegeneraltermsandconditionsoftheoffer.Thisstatementisnormallyunilaterallydeterminedbytheownerandispreprintedontheform.

2.Theformatofthecommercialtermsapplyingtotheoffer.Again,thisformatisnormallydeterminedunilaterallybytheownereitherasasinglelumpsumtotalpriceorasascheduleofbid-termprices.Inthefirstcase,thebidformcontainsasingleblankspaceinwhichthebidderisinstructedtoenterasinglelumpsumpricefortheentireproject.Inthesecondcase,theformcontainsanumberedseriesofallbiditemsfortheproject,eachconsistingofadescriptionoftheworkfordiscretepartsoftheprojectandeitherblanksforunitpriceextensionandlumpsumprice.Witheitherasinglelumpsumformatoraschedule-of–bid-itemsformat,thebidderfillsintheblanksfordefiningtheprecisecommercialtermsofthebid.

3.Supplementaryinformationthattheownermaywanttoknowaboutthebidder.Thisusuallyconsistsofinformationaboutthebidder’sfinancialstrengthandpastexperience.

AdditionalInformationforfederalbidsThebidformforfederalcontractscontainsanumberof“CertificationsandRepresentations”inaffidavitform,suchasnon-collusionandnon-segregatedfacilitiesaffidavits,requiredtocomplywithfederallaw.

4.Affirmativeactionrequirementsforpublicproject..BidFormsforpublicprojectusuallyrequirewrittengoalsandtimetablesformeetingtherequirementsofequalopportunitylegislationandminoritybusinessenterprise/womenbusinessenterpriserequirements.

5.Bidsecurity.Finally,theBidFormmustcontaintherequiredbidsecurity,usuallyintheformofabidbondissuedbyanapprovedsurety.Sometimes,acertifiedcheckmustbepresentedforthebidsecurity.

Oddlyenough,privatesectorbidsoftenrequiremuchmoresupplementaryinformationontheBidformthandopublicsectorbids.And,amongpublicprojects,Bidformsforfederalcontractsusuallyrequirelesssupplementaryinformationthantheaverage.

AfinalinterestingpointconcerningbiddingdocumentsisthattheAIAapproachexcludesthebiddingdocumentsformthecontract.Article1ofAIAA-201,GeneralconditionsofthecontractforConstruction,state.

TheContractDocumentsdonotincludeBiddingDocumentssuchastheAdvertisementorInvitationtoBid,theInstructionstoBidders,sampleforms,theContractor’sBidorportionsofAddendarelatingtoanyofthese,oranyotherdocumentsunlessspecificallyenumeratedintheOwner-ContractorAgreement.

4.GeneralConditionofcontract

ThesecondsectionofthedocumentsthatnormallycomprisethecontractistheGeneralConditionsofcontract,oftenreferredtosimplyastheGeneralConditions,orsometimes,GeneralProvisions.Herearefoundverydefinitivestatements,clausebyclauseofallgeneraltermsandconditionthatgoverntheperformanceofthecontractwork.Inthecaseofthefederalgovernmentandotheragenciesthatfrequentlycontractforconstructionwork,thegeneralconceptofthissectionofthedocumentsistoincludeallclausesthatwillremainthesame,contractaftercontract,changingveryinfrequently.ManyofthesestandardclausesinfederalcontractspertaintotherequirementsoftheFederalAcquisitionRegulations,whichbylawmustbeincludedineveryfederalconstructioncontract.

5.Specifications

ThetechnicalrequirementsforeachdivisionofworkinthecontractwillbecompletelydetailedinthatsectionofthecontractdocumentcalledtheSpecifications.TheformatusuallyconformstotheUniformConstructionIndex,whichis