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论文版式修订终稿
ASurveyofEFLLearners’ReadingStrategies
By
ZhangSan
Athesis
submittedtotheForeignLanguageandLiteratureDepartmentof
BaojiUniversityofArtsandSciencesinpartialfulfillmentof
therequirementforthedegreeof
BACHELOROFARTS
in
ENGLISHLANGUAGE
Baoji,Shaanxi
May,2013
ASurveyofEFLLearners’ReadingStrategies
ZhangSan
Abstract:
ThispaperintendstoanalysetheEnglishlanguagelearnersConsideringthatmostofthereadingstrategiesareproposedbyforeignscholarsofthisfieldforESLlearnersratherthanforEFLlearners,asurveyisconductedastowhetherChineseEFLlearnersreallyapplythesestrategiesandhowwellthestudentsatcollegeusethem...(有删节)InspiteofthefactthatmanyChinesescholarslikeLiuYichun,YaoXimingandSongDeshenghavemadeaconsiderableamountofresearchonreadingfrommanydifferentperspectives,theirstudiesarealmostallbasedonthereadingstrategiesproposedbyforeignscholarsofthisfieldforESLlearnersratherthanforEFLlearners.Therefore,itisnecessarytoconductasurveyastowhetherChineseEFLlearnersreallyapplythesestrategiesandhowwellthestudentsatcollegeusethem.ThestudentssurveyedareselectedatrandomfromamongtheGrade2001studentsoftheForeignLanguagesDepartment,BaojiUniversityofArtsandSciences,andclassifiedintotwogroups—thesuccessfulandthelesssuccessful—accordingtotheirperformancesontheTEM-4testoftheyear2002.Andafterreading,theysummarizewhattheyhavebeenreadingandthinkabouttheirfirstimpressions.ThepaperconcludesthatEFLlearnersoughttohaveasmuchextendedreadingaspossibleandreadregularly.Greateffortsmustbemadetoenrichandenhancetheirfundamentallinguisticknowledgeandskills,andtobetterunderstandtheworld.TheEFLlearnersshouldhavetheabilitytorecognizeerrorsorcontradictionsintext,todistinguishimportantideasfromunimportantones,tokeepabalancebetweendifferentstrategiesandtousedifferentstrategieswithdifferentkindsoftexts.Moreimportantly,toensurethesuccessinimprovingreadingcomprehension,thereadersshouldreadoftenandregularly.
Keywords:
EFLlearners;readingstrategies;cognitivestrategies;thesuccessfulreaders,thelesssuccessfulreaders
外语学习者阅读策略研究
张三
【内容提要】:
(前有删节)本研究随意抽取宝鸡文理学院外语系英语专业2001级学生为调查对象,根据他们在2002年英语专业四级考试中的成绩将其分为成功者和不成功者两类,并采用阅读测试和问卷调查对他们的阅读成绩和策略进行对比分析。
调查发现,虽然绝大多数受试者都不同程度的使用了阅读策略,但是成功者外语学习的动机较高,语言能力较强,更擅长推断、自我监控和自我评价。
通过对被调查者在答题上的错误进行分析发现,他们在回答涉及隐含信息并需要推理和判断的问题时,所犯错误更多。
这表明达多数学生不能很好地使用一支信息推断出原文的隐含意义。
及时做出了推断,也只是表面性和暂时性的,没能有效利用其他有用信息。
总的来说,只有当外语学习者具有最基本的语言能力,并有较强的学习的自主性之后,阅读策略才对他们更有益处。
好的阅读策略有助于外语学习者更加有效的阅读,用最少的努力获得最大的好处。
因此,有效的读者同时也是积极主动的读者,有清晰的阅读目的,在阅读前、阅读中或阅读后都能使用一系列的阅读策略。
阅读前,先把目光放在标题、副标题和小标题上,以此来引发相关的思想、记忆和联想。
阅读时,试图创造与作者对话的气氛,尽力明确作者的意图。
阅读后,对所读作品做出小结,回忆起初阅读时的印象,起到建立新图式、新概念的目的。
此外,外语学习者还要尽可能多地开展延伸性阅读(extendedreading),丰富和提高语言基本知识与能力,增进对世界的了解和认识,具备批判性阅读的能力;不要过分依赖某种策略,而应该在各种策略之间寻求平衡,并能针对不同材料使用不同的策略;要善于使用元认知策略对外语学习,特别是阅读进行计划、监控和评估;经常性阅读和定期阅读是阅读理解力提高的重要保证。
【关键词】:
EFL学习者;阅读策略;认知策略;成功者;不成功者
CONTENTS
I.Introduction…………………………………………………..…..…..……….……1
II.Majorreadingmodelsandtheories………………………………………4
有删节
IV.ASurvey………………………………………………………………….....23
4.1Subjects……………………..………………………………………….....23
4.2Instrument…………………………………………………………….....23
4.3Datacollection……………………………………………….……….....23
4.3.1Thesuccessfulvs.thelesssuccessful………………….……….....24
4.3.2Thestudents’useofreadingstrategies…………………………....26
……
4.3.4Theratesoferrorsinthequizonreadingcomprehension……...29
V.Dataanalysisanddiscussion………………………………………..31
5.1Theuseofthestrategiesbyallthestudents……………………31
5.2Differencesinusingthestrategiesbybothgroups……………32
5.3Erroranalysis…………………………………………………………..35
5.4Discussion……………………………………………………………...38
VI.Conclusion……………………………………………………………...41
References…………………………………………………………………...44
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………...47
提交论文终稿时,以上为论文封面以及摘要建立一个文夹。
NaturalisminSisterCarrie:
AnAnalysis
I.Introduction
Naturalism,asaliterarygenre,playsanessentialpartinAmericanliterature.ThefundamentalnaturalistdoctrineispresentedinEmileZola’s1880essay“leromanexperimental”.Init,Zolaclaimsthatthenaturalistwritershouldsubjectbelievablecharactersandeventstoexperimentalconditions.Inotherwords,taketheknownandintroduceitintotheunknown.Hecallsthattheliteraryartist“mustoperatewithcharacters,passions,humanandsocialdataasthechemistandthephysicistworkoninertbodies,asthephysiologistworkonlivingbodies”(Zhang,2000:
425),whichtheFrenchinitiatedandbegantodevelopnaturalism,Americansarecreditedwithbringingittofruition.Thus,guidedbyZola,Americannaturalisticwritersthoughtthatsincehumanbeingsare,inEmileZola’sphrase,“humanbeasts”,characterscouldbestudiedthroughtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings(Zhang&Ma,1998:
88).Thenaturalistsbelievedinstudyinghumanbeingsasthoughtheywere“products”thataretobestudiedimpartially,withoutmoralizingabouttheirnatures.
Somesentencesarepurposefullydeleted.
……
Allinall,bytheshapingofCarrieMeeber,Douet,Hurstwood,aswellasthewholestory,Dreiserwellshowshisliterarytrendandwellplayshisroleasanaturalist.
II.Thespecificperiodthestorybefallen
It’snaturaltodiscusstheculturalandeconomicbackgroundinwhichthenovelSisterCarrieissetin,togetherwithabriefpresentaionofAmericandreaminthe19thcentury.Allthesetwosectionslayabasicfoundationandsound,solidframeworkforturtheranalysisofthenovelSisterCarrieperse.
2.1ThecultureandeconomicalbackgroundofCarrie’stimes
DreiserfirstlyinsistedthattheculturethatCarriereflectsisgroundedineconomicconditions.TheyearDreiserassignstoCarrie’smigrationin1889,andhersearchforlaborintheclosestmajorcityreflectsanationaltrend.In1890,oneyearafterDreiserimaginesCarrie’sarrivalinChicago,womenmadeupseventeenpercentofthenationallaborforce,withwomenbetweentheagesoffifteenandtwenty-fourformingthelargestproportionofthisgroup.FromthefoundingoftheU.S.throughtheearlynineteenthcentury,theeconomyhadbeenprimarilyagricultural,withtheindividualhouseholdthecenterofproduction.Thetransitionfromanagriculturaleconomycenteredinthefamilytoanindustrialordercharacterizedbymanagerialcapitalismdependedonthedevelopmentoffactoriesthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.Factoriesdemandedcentralizedlabor,largegroupsofunrelatedpeopleleavingthehomeandworkingunderoneroof.Withthisshift,worknecessarilymovedoutsidethehome.
……
AmongthousandsofruralAmericanswhorushedtocitiestofindjobsandtobuildthemselvesnewlivesandidentities,Carriealsocapturetheexcitementofthatexperience.ShemovedoutofherhometownheadingforChicago.
2.2Americandreaminthe19thcentury
Duringtheindustrialrevolutionofthe19thcentury,inbigcities,therewerecolorfultheatres,restaurants,supermarketsanddancingroomsemergingfuriously,wherepeoplecouldhardlyrejectthesecharmingtemptations.Itwasaworldofprices.ChicagoaswellasNewYorkbestrepresentedtheoverallcharacteristicsofAmericancapitalismandhigh-developedeconomyfrombeingfueledbyproductiontobeingdrivenbyconsumption.WhileChicagowasthecitythatmostpeopleofmiddleclassandwesternAmericansdreamingfor,Carriewasamongthepeople,whobelievedtheycanfindtheirhappinessinChicago.Sheembodiespopularaspirationsandthenotionofthe“Americandream”definedlaterbyJamesTruslow(1878-1949)was.
2.2.1Americandreaminthefirsthalfof19thcentury
Contentandwordsarepurposefullydeleted.
2.2.1Americandreaminthesecondhalfof19thcentury
Contentandwordsarepurposefullydeleted.
Finally,themythologyofAmericandreamissurethatCarrierisesfromragstoriches.CarriemayrepresentabroadprincipleofAmericanculture-itsquestforeconomicdominationoftheworld,shemightbeseenasanallegoryforAmericanideals,oftenwaveringandcompromisedingeopoliticalapplication,andservingavarietyofself-interestedpressuregroups.
III.Thehumannatureinanaturalist’seye
Amongtheforcesthatsweepandplaythroughouttheuniverse,untutoredmanisbutawispinthewind.Ourcivilizationisstillinamiddlestage,scarcelybeast,inthatitisnolongerwhollyguidedbyinstinct;scarcelyhuman,inthatitisnotyetwhollyguidedbyreason.(Dreiser,2000:
59)
3.1Instrumentality----forthefulfillmentoftheeverlastingdesire
DreisersethimselftoprojecttheAmericanvaluesforwhathehadfoundthemtobe---materialistictothecore.Livinginsuchasocietywithsuchavaluesystem,thehumanindividualisobsessedwithanever-ending,yetmeaninglesssearchforsatisfactionofhisdesires.
……
Dreiserfurtherproclaimedthattoapopulacefirmlyinthegripofmaterialexistence,thedesireforsomethingmoreisadestructiveenergythatcanneverbeexhausted;itisadoom.Hurstwood,whosesuccessasmanagerofahighclass--drinkingestablishmentisnotsufficient,fixeshisfurtherambitiononCarrie,andisruinedintheend.Butthedesireforsomethingmore,thelongingforfulfillment,isalsohope,andthereforeinnocence,asortofredemption.Carrie,atthetopofherprofession,isleftlookingforsomethingmore,butasweunderstandshewillneverfindit---shehasunfulfilledtheclosestthingtograceinDreiser’stheology.
3.2Humanbestiality---theindifferenceinpeople’srelationships
Dreiser,whohasbeeninfluencedbySpencerandDarwin’stheory,reachesakindofnewtheorycalledbio-so