考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析part1.docx
《考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析part1.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析part1.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析part1.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-2/24/5cc67aca-ed2d-44ed-8308-f51fc624972a/5cc67aca-ed2d-44ed-8308-f51fc624972a1.gif)
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析part1
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2001年part1
Unit8
PartOne
Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.
Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:
exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword'amateur'doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.
AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessiona
loramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.
AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.
1.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas________.
[A]sociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology
[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry
2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________.
[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation
[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience
[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity
[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones
3.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate________.
[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation
[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy
[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications
[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs
4.Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis________.
[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation
[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties
Unit8(2001)Part1
重点词汇:
1.specialisation(专业化)即special+is(e)+ation,special(特别的;额外的),-ise动词后缀(specialise即v.专业化),-ation名词后缀;specialist(专家;专科医生)←special+ist后缀表"人"。
Loveisaspecialaffectionforamanorawoman,whichisstrongerthanthatforanyotherperson.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感,它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。
2.response(回复;响应)是respond的名词形式。
Thesartorialartistnolessthanthesculptor,thepainterandthemusiciandreamsofcreationsthatwillawakenaresponseinthesouloftheworld.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样,梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。
3.accumulation(积累,堆积)即accumulate+ation,accumulate(v.积累,堆积),-ation名词后缀。
Universityarefullofknowledge;thefreshmenbringalittleinandtheseniorstakenoneaway,andknowledgeaccumulates.大学里充满了知识,新生带进来一些,高年级学生则一点也不带走,于是知识就积累了下来。
Booksaretheever-burninglampsofaccumulatedwisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。
4.professionalisation(职业化)即professional+is(e)+ation,professional(职业的;职业人员),-ise动词后缀(professionalise即v.职业化),-ation名词后缀。
Inlovewomanareprofessionals,menareamateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者,男子是业余者。
5.clear-cut明确的,清晰的。
6.amateur(业余的;业余爱好者)可记谐音"爱慕它","业余爱好者"选择某专业必定是"爱慕它"。
Everyartistwasonceanamateur.所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。
amateur-ayoungmanwho,whenflatteringwomen,isafraidofoverdoingit业余选手--奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。
7.distinction(差别,区分)即distinct+ion,distinct(清楚的,明显的),-ion名词后缀。
同根词:
extinct灭绝(因为有x而省略s);instinct本能。
Successseemstobethatwhichformsthedistinctionbetweenconfidenceandconceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。
8.connotation(涵义)即con+not(e)+ation,con-前缀"一起",note记录,-ation名词后缀,"所有东西都被一起记录在其中"→涵义。
9.integrate(使成为一体)←integr完整+ate
10.Participation(参加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation,Parti(=Part),cip(=cap)抓(参captive,2003年Text3),-ation名词后缀,"抓取其中一部分"→分享;动词为Participate←Parti+cip+ate。
WeParticipateinatragedy;atacomedyweonlylook.悲剧我们参加,喜剧我们仅仅观看。
11.intermsof依据;用......措辞。
12.reveal?
(v.展现;揭示;泄露)即re+veal,re-前缀(=away),veal(=veil)面纱,"揭开面纱"→展示。
Apersonrevealshischaracterbynothingsoclearlyasthejokeheresents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。
Ifyourevealyoursecretstothewind,youshouldnotblamethewindforrevealingthemtothetrees.你如果把秘密泄露给风,就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。
13.emphasis(强调,重点)可看作em+phasis,em-前缀"强调",phasis看作是phase(阶段)的复述形式,于是"在各阶段里最值得强调的"→强调。
Isometimewishthatpeoplewouldputalittlemoreemphasisupontheobservanceofthelawthantheydouponitsenforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵守法律上,而非强调其实施。
14.primacy(首要,首位)即prim(e)+acy,prime首要的,-acy名词后缀,primacy与privacy(隐私)一字母之差,"隐私"是最"首要"的。
15.definition(定义)即defin(e)+ition,define(下定义;限定)-ition名词后缀。
Itisalmostadefinitionofagentlemantosaythatheisonewhoneverinflictspain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦,这几乎是下了一个关于君子的定义。
16.represent(v.描述;代表)←re+present。
BooksonlyPartiallyrepresenttheirauthors.图书只是部分地体现了作者。
17.reflect(v.反射;反映;思考)←re回+flect弯曲。
Therearetwowaysofspreadinglight:
Tobethecandle,orthemirrorthatreflectsit.散布光的方法有两种:
当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。
Whoreflectstoomuchwillaccomplishlittle.思虑过多者一事难成。
18.referee(仲裁者v.仲裁)←refer+ee。
19.separate(分离的v.分离)←se+par+ate,se-前缀"分离",par看作Part"分离",-ate后缀。
同前缀词:
select(v.选择a.精选的)←se+lect选。
Youcan'tseparatepeacefromfreedombecausenoonecanbeatpeaceunlesshehashisfreedom.你无法将安宁与自由分开,因为得不到自由谁都不会安宁。
20.delay(v.n.耽搁,延迟)看作de+lay,de-向下,lay放,把事情暂时"放下"→耽搁。
Neverdelaythatshouldbedonetodayuntiltomorrow.不要把今天应做的事推迟到明天。
21.reckon(v.认为;估算)看作re+ckon,re-前缀"反复",ckon谐音"啃",题目太难了,需要"re啃"才能"估算"出答案。
Ireckonbeingillasoneofthegreatpleasuresoflife,providedoneisnottooillandisnotobligedtoworktilloneisbetter.我把生病当作人生一大乐趣,只要病得不太严重,并且在好转之前不被要求工作。
Tosensiblemen,everydayisadayofreckoning.对明智的人来说,每一天的时间都要精打细算。
22.crucial(极重要的,决定性的)即cruc+ial,cruc词根(=cross),-ail形容词后缀,"处于十字路口的"→关键的。
23.psychology(心理学)←psycho+logy,psycho词根"心理",-logy后缀"......学"。
Thepurposeofpsychologyistogiveusacompletelydifferentideaofthethingsweknowbest.心理学的用途是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不同的观念。
24.inone'sownright凭自身条件;
25.underway在进行中。
难句解析:
①Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:
exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommUnityand,inParticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.
先看前面的句子的主干是No...distinctioncanbedrawnbetween...,冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。
在第二个句子中,一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless,表示语意的转折,其主句是theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotation,后面有一个同位语从句,里面有两个并列谓语。
注意nevertheless表示转折,其后的信息与其前面的信息意思相反,前面讲二者没有很明显的区别,后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。
其次要看清theword"amateur"DOEScarryaconnotation而非DOESNOT。
②Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.
两个分句有同一个主语,即thetrend,两个谓语为wasobvious和canbeillustrated。
前一个分句中basedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining修饰areasofscience。
注意beillustrated的用法,这里是"举例说明,例证说明"的意思;另外intermsof是"就某事来说,以某事为例"的意思。
③AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.
本句的主语是acomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalf(中心词为acomparison),谓语是reveals,宾语主体结构是notsimply...butalso...所连接的两个并列宾语,注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。
anincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch译为"对科研的重要性的强调不断攀升",achangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper译为"一篇过得去的科研论文创作标准也有所变化",其中what指代theelementsthat。
④Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.
全句的主干结构是The...resulthasbeentodosth.。
注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语,其核心词是aresult,可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语,在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句,而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语firstby...,andthenby...。
entrance入口,此处指发表文章,进入专业圈子。