PREP cr1详解3M修改版.docx

PREP cr1详解3M修改版.docx

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PREPcr1详解3M修改版

PracticeTest#1CriticalReasoning（72Questions）

1.（24179-!

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Althoughfullerenes--sphericalmoleculesmadeentirelyofcarbon--werefirstfoundinthelaboratory,theyhavesincebeenfoundinnature,formedinfissuresoftheraremineralshungite.Sincelaboratorysynthesisoffullerenesrequiresdistinctiveconditionsoftemperatureandpressure,thisdiscoveryshouldgivegeologistsatestcaseforevaluatinghypothesesaboutthestateoftheEarth'scrustatthetimethesenaturallyoccurringfullereneswereformed.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminestheargument?

推理过程：

fullerenes在实验室和自然环境中都存在

因为laboratorysynthesisoffullerenes要求distinctiveconditions，因此可以用来推断自然中形成fullerenes的地壳的状态。

推理是由实验可以推自然状态，答案一定要讲实验和自然联系到一起

（A）Confirmingthattheshungitegenuinelycontainedfullerenestookcarefulexperimentation.

只是说确定自然中含有fullerenes需要认真实验，属于说东道西

（B）Somefullereneshavealsobeenfoundontheremainsofasmallmeteoritethatcollidedwithaspacecraft.

说别的东西上也有fullerenes和文章推理无关，属于无关新变量（其实B选项改一下就可以是正确答案：

fullerenescanalsobefoundontheremainsofmeteorites,在外星形成，跟地球无关）

只是说相撞，没说掉到地球上的陨石，更不清楚这个meteorite是不是地球飞出来的

（C）Themineralshungiteitselfcontainslargeamountsofcarbon,fromwhichthefullerenesapparentlyformed.

只是说fullerenes怎样形成的，没有把实验和自然建立联系，属于说东道西

（D）Thenaturallyoccurringfullerenesarearrangedinapreviouslyunknowncrystallinestructure.

正确，关键词unknown说明在实验室是不可知的，所以无法用实验推自然，虽然都是S，但是两个S不同，所以属于否定A型削弱

（E）Shungiteitselfisformedonlyunderdistinctiveconditions.

文章说fullerenes，Shungite只是fullerenes存在的一个载体，和结论无关属于说东道西

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Economist:

Onaverage,theemergencytreatmentforanelderlypersonforinjuriesresultingfromafallcosts$11,000.Anewtherapeuticprogramcansignificantlyreduceanelderlyperson'schancesoffalling.Thoughobviouslydesirableformanyreasons,thistreatmentprogramwillcost$12,500andthuscannotbejustified.

老年人摔跤治疗要花费$11,000，有一个项目可以减少摔跤机会，但是要花费$12,500，所以这个项目并不好

文章推理：

因为项目成本高，所以不好

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminestheconclusionoftheargument?

（A）Amongelderlypeoplewhohadfollowedtheprogramforonlyafewmonths,thenumberofseriousfallsreportedwashigherthanitwasforpeoplewhohadfollowedtheprogramforitsrecommendedminimumlengthofoneyear.

比较参加项目时间长短，和推理无关，属于搭错车，无关比较

（B）Fallsresultinginseriousinjuriesarelesscommonamongelderlypeoplelivinginnursinghomesthantheyareamongelderlypeoplewholivealoneathome.

把不同地方的老年人对比，和成本无关，属于无关比较

（C）Afrequentresultofinjuriessustainedinfallsislong-termpain,medicationforwhichisnotcountedamongtheaverageper-personcostsofemergencytreatmentforelderlypeople'sinjuriesfromsuchfalls.

正确说到了关键点cost，之前的$11,000中并不包含治疗疼痛的医疗费，如果加上可能成本会更高超过参加项目。

他因反对结论

（D）Thenewtherapeuticprogramfocusesontherapiesotherthanmedication,sinceovermedicationcancausedisorientationandhenceincreasethelikelihoodthatanelderlypersonwillhaveaseriousfall.

只是说过度的medication可以导致不协调造成更多的摔跤，并且这个项目关注medication以外的东西。

属于模凌两可，因为不知道medication以外的东西是不是就是好的。

这个选项具有迷惑性

（E）Asignificantportionofthecostofthenewtherapeuticprogramisrepresentedbyregularvisitsbyhealthcareprofessionals,thecostsofwhichtendtoincreasemorerapidlythandothoseofotherelementsoftheprogram.

费用可能还会涨，是属于support

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Theprairievole,asmallNorthAmericangrasslandrodent,breedsyear-round,andagroupofvoleslivingtogetherconsistsprimarilyofanextendedfamily,oftenincludingtwoormorelitters.Volescommonlyliveinlargegroupsfromlateautumnthroughwinter;fromspringthroughearlyautumn,however,mostvolesliveinfarsmallergroups.Theseasonalvariationingroupsizecanprobablybeexplainedbyaseasonalvariationinmortalityamongyoungvoles.

Voles秋冬季的家庭规模大，春秋季家庭规模要小，原因是幼鼠季节性的死亡

文章推理：

幼鼠季节性死亡导致春秋家庭规模小

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportfortheexplanationoffered?

（A）Itisinthespringandearlysummerthatprairievolecommunitiesgenerallycontainthehighestproportionofyoungvoles.

文章讨论幼鼠的数量和家庭规模的关系，和幼鼠的百分比无关，说东道西

（B）Prairievolepopulationsvarydramaticallyinsizefromyeartoyear.

只是简单重复前提，和幼鼠无关，重复前提

（C）Theprairievolesubsistsprimarilyonbroad-leavedplantsthatareabundantonlyinspring.

加强无效，首先和幼鼠死亡无关，并且只说春季没有提到秋季。

无关他因

（D）Wintersintheprairievoles'habitatareoftenharsh,withtemperaturesthatdropwellbelowfreezing.

说东道西，结论要推幼鼠死亡和春秋季家庭规模的关系，和冬季无关，也属于偷换集合

（E）Snakes,amajorpredatorofyoungprairievoles,areactiveonlyfromspringthroughearlyautumn.

正确，他因直接加强结论

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Apopularbeachhaslonghadadolphinfeedingprograminwhichfisharegiventodolphinsseveraltimesaday;manydolphinsgetasmuchashalfoftheirfoodeachdaythere.Althoughdolphinsthatfirstbenefitfromtheprogramasadultsarehealthyandlong-lived,theiroffspringhavealowerlifeexpectancythanoffspringofdolphinsthatfeedexclusivelyinthewild.

背景环境是海滩上有喂养海豚项目。

结果，成年海豚健康长寿但是小海豚寿命比野生喂养短

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthelowerlifeexpectancyofoffspringofdolphinsfeedingatthebeachcomparedtootheryoungdolphins?

（A）Sharksthatpreyondolphinsarelesscommonintheopenseasoffthebeachthaninmanyotherareasoftheopenseaswheredolphinscongregate.

inmanyotherareasoftheopenseas并没有把海滩独立出来，并且鲨鱼应该会对成年海豚也有影响。

不能解释矛盾，并且文章并没有标明feedexclusivelyinthewild.就是openseasoffthebeach，属于无关比较

（B）Manyoftheadultdolphinsthatfeedatthebeacharefemalesthatnursetheiroffspringthere.

并不能说明小海豚死亡率高，也没有进行核野外的比较，说东道西

（C）Thefishgiventothedolphinsatthebeacharethesametypesoffishthatdolphinstypicallycatchinthewild.

无差别更应该相同，架桥错误

（D）Manydolphinsthatfeedatthebeachwiththeiroffspringcometothebeachonlyafewtimesamonth.

和一个月几次没有关系，没有进行比较，说东道西

（E）Adultdolphinsthatfeedatthebeachspendmuchlesstimeteachingtheiroffspringhowtocatchfishinthewildthandootheradultdolphins.

正确，解释了成年海豚和小海豚之间的一个关系，并且和野外联系在一起

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TigersharksarecommoninthewaterssurroundingTenareIsland.Usuallytigersharksfeedonsmallersharks,butsometimestheyhaveattackedtouristsswimmingandsurfingatTenare'sbeaches.ThishashurtTenare'stourismindustry,whichissecondonlytoitsfishingindustryinannualrevenues.Inordertohelptheeconomy,therefore,themayoroftheislandhasproposedanongoingprogramtokillanytigersharkswithinamileofthebeaches.

因为虎鲨吃人，所以影响了旅游业，旅游业是继渔业的第二收入来源，为了恢复经济，所以要在海滩附近灭鲨。

文章推理：

通过海滩灭鲨来保护经济

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglycallsintoquestionthelikelihoodthatimplementationofthemayor'sproposalwillhavethedesiredconsequence?

（A）Evenifnotallthetigersharksthatcomeclosetothebeachesarekilled,theexistenceoftheprogramwouldreassuretourists.

notallthetigersharks有偷换概念，反对前提的嫌疑，并且不是削弱

（B）Businessownerswhodependontourismarewillingtopaymostofthecostofimplementingtheprogram.

和经济所有者是否付钱无关，说东道西

（C）TouristscometoTenareIslandforitsbeaches,eventhoughtheislandfeaturesanumberofothertouristattractions.

和旅游者的目的没有关系，没有和经济挂钩，说东道西

（D）Thesmallsharksonwhichtigersharkspreyfeedonfishthatarecommerciallyimportanttotheisland'sfisheries.

正确，说虎鲨吃掉小鲨鱼，小鲨鱼吃鱼，这些鱼也是经济基础，如果没有了虎鲨也就没有了鱼。

他因反对结论

（E）NotalltouristswhocometoTenareIslandenjoyswimmingorsurfing.

和旅行者的喜好无关，说东道西

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ThecountryofErtlandhasneverimportedapplesinanysignificantquantitybecauseconsumerstheregenerallyprefertheuniquetextureofErtland-grownapples.Nevertheless,applegrowersfromKosolia,aneighboringcountry,plantoselltheirapplesinErtlandbysellingKosolia-grownapplesathalfthepriceoflocalapplesandpromotingthemasanourishing,low-costalternative.

E不会进口苹果，因为E的消费者选择E自己的独特的苹果的特点。

而K想要在E销售K种植的苹果。

他们通过降价使得K苹果成为很好的替代品。

文章推理：

降价推出有市场

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,castsmostdoubtontheviabilityoftheplanbyKosolia'sapplegrowerstoselltheirapplesinErtland?

（A）MostofthevarietiesofapplesgrowninErtlandwereoriginallyderivedfromcommonKosolianvarieties.

结论讨论价格和市场的关系，跟E苹果的来源无关。

说东道西

（B）ConsumersinErtlandtendtospendaboutthesameproportionoftheirincomeonfreshfruitsandvegetablesasdoconsumersinKosolia.

无关比较，和在苹果上花多少钱无关

（C）Attimesinthepast,ErtlandhasexportedsignificantquantitiesofapplestoKosolia.

Attimesinthepast时间概念错误，文章讨论现在，和以前无关，并且和是否曾经出口也无关，结论讨论价格

（D）SomevarietiesofapplesgrowninKosoliacanbeharvestedthroughoutmostoftheyear,whereasthevarietiesgrowninErtlandcanbeharvestedonlyduringtwomonthsoftheyear.

有加强的嫌疑，K生产多，可以降价，E生产少，没有降价的空间。

（E）ProfilesofErtland-grownapplesarehighenoughinErtlandthatgrowers,wholesalers,andretailerstherecouldeasilyaffordtoreducethepriceatwhichtheseapplesaresold.

正确，E的苹果也可以降价，所以K的降价无效果。

断桥

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AspartofmajorrenovationstoFlowertown'sMainStreettrainstation,consultantstothetraincompanyproposedmovingthestation'sentrancefromitscurrentvaluableMainStreetlocationtoalow-rentadjoiningsidestreetandthenleasingthehigh-rententrancespacetoretailbusinesses.Inthatway,thetraincompanycouldeasilypayforthoseandallotherproposedrenovationswithoutnegativeimpactonitstightbudget.

火车站要改革，咨询建议将入口从昂贵的中心街道转移到租金较为便宜的交叉路口，并且把中心街道租出去变成零售部，这样可以更容易的支付，并且不用对票价影响

文章推理：

地点转移可以带来经济效益

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststronglysupporttheconsultants'proposal?

（A）MoretraincommutersareemployedinbusinesseslocatedonMainStreetthaninbusinesseslocatedontheadjoiningsi