WHICHTHAT的就近修饰和跳跃修饰整理.docx
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WHICHTHAT的就近修饰和跳跃修饰整理
whichthat就近与跳跃修饰
which的用法
1、WHICH非限
1.which指代主句宾语:
s+verb+o,which指代0(svo,which指代s一定错!
)
2.which指代主句主语s:
s+verb,which
(1)介词+which=连词
1.s+verb(+o)+prep+which
2.s+verb(+o),prep+which
区别介词+that=名词
IwillbuythisbookbecausefromthatIstudyalot.(有because作为连接词,不用“介词+which”结构连接)
IwillbuythisbookfromwhichIstudyalot.(无连接词,需要用“介词+which”结构连接)
which指代的三种情况:
1、紧邻修饰
一般情况下,“名词,which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。
这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了,只举个比较特别例子“AofB,which”(注:
这里的of表示从属关系)
1,Thecommissionproposedthatfundingfordevelopmentofthepark,whichcouldbeopentothepublicearlynextyear,beobtainedthroughalocalbondissue.
2,ConstructionoftheRomanColosseum,whichwasofficiallyknownastheFlavianAmphitheater,beganinA.D.69,duringthereignofVespasian,andwascompletedtheColosseumwithaone-hundred-daycycleofreligiouspageants,gladitorialgames,andspectacles.
FlavianAmphitheatre:
福雷维安圆形剧场
3,Inlaboratoryrats,alowdoseofaspirinusuallysufficestoblockproductionofthromboxane,asubstancethatpromotesbloodclotting,butdoesnotseriouslyinterferewiththeproductionofprostacyclin,whichpreventsclotting.
thromboxane[生化]凝血噁烷,凝栓质,血栓素。
阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷
prostacyclinn.【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素,前列腺环素,
4,Thesurvivalofcoralcolonies,whicharecomposedofinnumerabletinypolypslivinginasymbioticrelationshipwithbrilliantlycoloredalgae,isbeingthreatened,expertssay,notonlybypollutantssuchasagriculturalrunoff,oilslicks,andtrash,butalsobydroppedanchors,probingdivers,andglobalwarming.,
5,Inattemptingtosolvetheproblemscausedbyaloweringofthepriceofoil,oilcompaniesoperatingintheNorthSeahavetakenavarietyofapproaches,whichincludereducingemployment,usingnewtechnologytopumpoilmoreefficientlyfromsmallerfields,andfindinginnovativewaystocutthecostofbuildingandoperatingplatforms.,
这些例子都能说明从属关系“AofB,which”中的which就近修饰紧邻的名词B。
但是需要注意的是,在“SVO,which”句型中,如果which指代S一定错误,which如果指代主语,这样使用:
s+verb,which
2、跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下,which跳跃修饰前面的核心词,不能修饰紧邻的名词。
下面是几个例子:
FromthebarkofthepaperbirchtreetheMenominicraftedacanoeabouttwentyfeetlongandtwofeetwide,withsmallribsandrailsofcedar,whichcouldcarryfourpersonsoreighthundredpoundsofbaggagesolightthatapersoncouldeasilyportageitaroundimpedingrapids.
(A)baggagesolight
(B)baggagebeingsolight
(C)baggage,yetbeingsolight
(D)baggage,andsolight
(E)baggageyetwassolight
答案:
E
这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远,中间隔了一个插入语,还隔了个介词结构about…,但只要知道核心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。
这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。
OG12-26
EmilyDickinson’sletterstoSusanHuntingtonDickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumberingherletterstoanyoneelse.
A,DickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumbering
B,DickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodthatbeginsafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendedshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumber
C,Dickinson,writtenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandthatendsshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886andoutnumbering
D,Dickinson,whichwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrother,endingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,andoutnumbering
E,Dickinson,whichwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumber
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词SusanHuntingtonDickinson,必须跳过介词结构to…,修饰核心词letter。
Unlikemostothermergersintheutilityindustry,whichhavebeendrivenbytheneedtosavemoneyandextendcompanies’serviceareas,themergerofthenation’sleadinggascompanyandleadingelectriccompanyisintendedtocreateahugenetworkformarketingtheutilitiesinquestionasstatesopentheirutilitymarketstocompetition.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utilityindustry,必须跳过介词结构in…,修饰核心词merger。
InordertoprotectEnglishmanufacturersofwoolengoodsagainstbothAmericanandIrishcompetition,EnglandpassedtheWoolensActof1698,whichprohibitedtheexportofwoolenclothbeyondacolony'sborders.
这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698,必须跳过介词结构of1968修饰前面的核心词act。
Onepervasivetheoryexplainstheintroductionofbreakfastcerealsintheearly1900sasaresultofthegrowingnumberofautomobiles,whichledtoadeclineinhorseownershipandasubsequentgrainglut
Glutn.(商品)供过于求;大量
TheForbiddenCityinBeijing,fromwhichtheemperorsruledbyheavenlymandate,wasasitewhichnocommonerorforeignercouldenterwithoutpermission,onpainofdeath.
有人这里会说这不是AofB,which吗?
which应该紧邻修饰啊?
其实不然,因为of1968和前面的那些AofB实际上用法不一样,这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。
这个时间应该归在介词结构一类,所以要跳过。
onpainof违者以…论处
OG12SC107
Originallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,atechniquecalledproton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit,isfindingusesinmedicine,archaeology,andcriminology.
(A)Originallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,atechniquecalledproton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit,
(B)Originallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,havingtheabilitytoanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit,atechniquecalledproton-inducedX-rayemission
(C)Atechniqueoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,calledproton-inducedX-rayemission,whichcanquicklyanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancewithoutdestroyingit,
(D)Atechniqueoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutants,calledproton-inducedX-rayemission,whichhastheabilitytoanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancequicklyandwithoutdestroyingit,
(E)Atechniquethatwasoriginallydevelopedfordetectingairpollutantsandhastheabilitytoanalyzethechemicalelementsinalmostanysubstancequicklyandwithoutdestroyingthesubstance,calledproton-inducedX-rayemission,
答案(A)
答案中which发生跳跃指代,而且emission不处于介词短语中,这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission,必须跳过分词修饰结构called…,修饰核心词technique。
注意这不是SVO,which指代S了而是calledproton-inducedX-rayemission分词形式做后置修饰定语。
GWD-10-Q2:
GWD-11-10
Marconi’sconceptionoftheradiowasasasubstituteforthetelephone,atoolforprivateconversation;instead,itispreciselytheopposite,atoolforcommunicatingwithalarge,publicaudience.
A,Marconi’sconceptionoftheradiowasasasubstituteforthetelephone,atoolforprivateconversation;instead,itis
B,Marconiconceivedoftheradioasasubstituteforthetelephone,atoolforprivateconversation,butwhichis
C,Marconiconceivedoftheradioasatoolforprivateconversationthatcouldsubstituteforthetelephone;instead,ithasbecome
D,Marconiconceivedoftheradiotobeatoolforprivateconversation,asubstituteforthetelephone,whichhasbecome
E,Marconiconceivedoftheradiotobeasubstituteforthetelephone,atoolforprivateconversation,otherthanwhatitis,
答案为C。
B为啥不好?
因为选B会有which修饰telephone的错误,which应该修饰radio的。
虽然which可以跳跃,但是逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候,应该是就近优先的,即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作,跳跃也难保不会被判错,所以尽可能不跳跃修饰。
GMAT题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的which,which跳跃是可以接受的,但是正确选项中很少出现过which跳跃修饰的情况,几乎都被其他结构替代了,这说明如果有可以替代的正确选项,那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的which,因为可能有歧义。
C可以避免歧义,it一般不指代介词短语中的名词,优先指代主语,如果主语是人或者复数不能指代,则指代宾语,我不知道这题的radio还算不算宾语,但是至少你读出这个句子的时候,它确实相当于一个宾语,至少算一个核心词。
目前只见过AofB/AinB,which可以指代A,主要都发生在介词短语中。
A选项可以我理解是因为CALLED从句表达的只是tech的另一个名字而已,本质上是同一东西,指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。
目前我找到的which强悍地跳跃,无视前面的名词的非常少,而且基本都不出现在选项中,都是未画线部分。
但是,可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃,当which前面有很多个名词的时候,不是只要有一个正确,which就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。
相反,GMAT会优先判断这是修饰混乱。
所以,最好不要有跳跃指代,如果非跳不可,最好是使用单复数区分which的指代词。
归纳一下,会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为:
其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词,但是因为which的容太长,而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短,所以把which结构后置了。
3、特别情况AandB,which
这个which到底修饰谁呢?
是A?
是B?
还是AandB?
我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个:
没有歧义。
如果AandB中的B为复数(Bs),which后面动词也是复数,which指代会有歧义,让人不知道which到底指的是什么。
AsandBs,whichare(which指Bs?
或which指AsandBs?
)
AandBs,whichare(which指Bs?
或which指AandBs?
)
下面情况没有歧义:
如果A和B都是单数,which后面动词复数,没有歧义,which修饰AandB。
如果B是单数(不管A是单数还是复数),which后面动词也是单数,没有歧义,which修饰B。
如果B是复数(不管A是单数还是复数)则必须要用whichtogether,没有歧义,这时which修饰AandBs。
举两个例子:
Thehumannervoussystembearsasuperficialresemblancetoatelephonesystembothbecausetheformercarriesinformationintheformofelectricalimpulsesandbecauseallofitsneuralpathwaysconvergeinthebrainandspinalcord,whichtogetherformakindofcentralexchange.
Unliketheshuttleandearlierspacecraft,whichwerecapableofcarryingsufficientpowerinfuelcellsandbatteriesfortheirshortflights,apermanentlyorbitingspacestationwillhavetogenerateitsownelectricity.
其实which的指代问题肯定不会只有这些,而且最准确判断which指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思,但是在实战中有个别GMAT题目的很难判断本意,所以准备写大方向性的小结还是必要的。
OG12-SC10
10.Carnivorousmammalscanendurewhatwouldotherwisebelethallevelsofbodyheatbecausetheyhaveaheat-exchangenetworkwhichkeptthebrainfromgettingtoohot.
(A)whichkept
(B)thatkeeps
(C)whichhaskept
(D)thathasbeenkeeping
(E)havingkept
答案B,In(A)and(C),whichintroducesarestrictiveclause.Somewritersfollowtheconventionthatwhichcanonlybeusedfornonrestrictiveclauses,butinsistenceonthisruleiscontroversial,andboth(A)and(C)canberejectedonothergrounds.
Scientistshaveobservedlargeconcentrationsofheavy-metaldepositsintheuppertwentycentimetersofBalticSeasediments,whichareconsistentwiththegrowthofindustrialactivitythere.
(A)BalticSeasediments,whichareconsistentwiththegrowthofindustrialactivitythere
(B)Baltic