英文写作.docx
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英文写作
写作
一、体裁:
(审题)
①narration②argumentation③exposition④description
二、确定主题句:
eg.
(一)GoodHealth
1Importanceofgoodhealth
2Waystokeepfit
3Myownpractice
以上三句扩展成主题句:
1It’sveryimportanttohavegoodhealth.
2There’refourwaystokeepfitforme.
3Myownpracticesarethefollowing.
(二)TryingtoBeAGoodUniversityStudent.
①做合格大学生的必要性。
(议论文,从正面谈做合格大学生会怎样;从反面论,不做合格大学生会怎样;结论是我们要做合格的大学生)
②做合格大学生的必备条件。
(可以德智体等方面谈,用说明文写)
4我打算这样做。
----------Introduction
----------body
----------conclusion
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一、王长喜的作文法:
第一句主题句(topicsentence)[启]
第二句从正面论述[承]↓
第三句从反面论述[转]→developmentsentence
第四句为结论句(concludingsentence)[合]
二、主题句的特征:
1.必须是一个完整的句子。
2.它由topic和controllingidea两部分构成。
3.主题句是段落内容的概括性陈述
判断下列句子是否主题句:
eg.1.Ienjoyclassicalmusicforseveralreasons.(√)
2.TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.(√)
3.Excessivedrinkingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems.(√)
4.WecelebrateChristmasonDecember25.(×)
(对事实的具体陈述不能做主题句)
5.Itismyopinionthatsmokingcausescancer.(×)
(不要以个人意见做主题句,因很难用事实事做支持)
6.Sportsandgamesareveryuseful.(×)
(太笼统了)
三、段落中常用的过度词。
(见专升本书P189)
在段落的过度中,按文章的“启、承、转、合”使用过渡词(transitionalwords/connectives)会使段落文章条理清楚,连贯流畅,过渡词可以分以下四类:
(1)表达“启”的常用词语
用于引导主题句或用于主题句的后面,引导第一个发展句:
firstly,atfirst,firstofall,inthebeginning,inthefirstplace,atpresent,tobeginwith,currently,tostartwith,lately,foronething,now,recently,ontheonehand,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,inrecentyears,comparativelyspeaking,nowadays,inasense,inaway,inmyopinion,obviously,undoubtedly,etc.。
(2)表达“承”的过渡词语
用于主题句或第一个(或前一个)发展句:
secondly,thirdly,also,too,besides,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,foranother,forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanotherexample,namely,then,inotherwords,inparticular,inthesameway,afterthat,afterwards(afterafewdays/awhile),fromnowon,later,justas,similarly,meanwhile,atthesametime,bythistime,soon,ofcourse,forthispurpose,equally,surely,obviously,especially,indeed,still,infact,inplainterms,inpractice,forthemostpart,nodoubt,etc.。
(3)表示“转”的过渡词语
表示不同或相反的情况:
afterall,but,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,though,although,despite,inspiteof,onthecontrary,incontrast,unlike,whereas,ontheotherhand,allthesame,unfortunately,still,infact,asamatteroffact,inanycase,atanyrate,otherwise,orelse,instead,etc.。
(4)表示“合”的过渡词语
用于总结段落中上下文的内容,引导一个发展句或结尾句,也可用于文章的结论等:
finally,hence,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,therefore,thus,tosumup,toconclude,tosummarize,briefly,aboveall,asaconsequence,asaresult,forthisreason,ashasbeennoted,asIhavesaid,atlast,atlength,byandlarge,consequently,eventually,accordingly,so,afterall,ingeneral,inaword,onthewhole,etc.。
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一、练习:
重新安排下面的句子,使之成为意思连贯的段落并按要求在横线处填出句子序号:
(一)ABCDE
1Knowledge,perhaps,isnotagoodwordforthis.
2Perhapsonewouldrathersaymyimageoftheworld.
3WhatIhavebeentalkingaboutisknowledge.
4WhatIamtalkingaboutiswhatIbelievetobetrue:
mysubjectiveknowledge.
5Knowledgehasanimplicationofvalidity.
(3、1、2、5、4)
(二)ABCDE
①Withoutwater,soilisworthlessandcropsarepoor.
②Waterisnecessary.
③However,toomuchwatercanbedangerous.
④Carefuluseofwaterandotherresourcesisimportant.
⑤Naturalresourcesarepreciousandlimited.
(4、5、2、1、3)
(三)ABCDE
①Forexample,youdon’tneedmanyclothes.
②However,despitetheseadvantages,thosewhohavelivedinwarmclimatesandincoldclimatesoftenpreferacoldclimatebecauseitislessmonotonousandofferswintersports.
③Inaddition,youdon’thavetoshovelsnoworpayheatingbills.
④Livinginaplacewheretheweatherisalwayswarmhasitsadvantages.
⑤Youcanwearlightweight,inexpensive,andeasy-to-cleancottonclothingallyear.
(4、1、5、3、2)
(四)ABCDE
①Theyneverseemtobeworking.
②Itseemstoworkersthatstudentsleadeasylivesonlybecausestudentsworkandrelaxatdifferenttimesfromworkers.
③Workingpeoplesometimesthinkthatcollegestudentsliveaveryeasylife.
④Thetruthis,though,thatmoststudentsspendasmanyhoursinclassorattheirstudiesasworkersdoattheirjobs。
⑤Tothemitappearsthatstudentshavelittletodo:
theysleeplate,talkforhoursovercoffee,andgotopartieseverynight.
(3、5、1、4、2)
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一、开头的写作方法
(1)Beginwithdirectannouncement.
(2)Beginwithdefinition
(3)Beginwithstatistics.(eg.arecentsurveyof……)
(4)Beginwithnarrationanddescription
(5)Beginwithquestion
(6)Beginwithquotation
二、结尾的表达方法
1、概括总结全文并指出解决方法(Summaryandsolution)
2、回答开头段提出的问题(Ananswertoaquestion)
3、提出建议(Recommendationandsuggestion)
4、给出预见(Prediction)
5、发出号召(callforaction)
三、结尾段常用的词语
Therefore/Inshort/Finally/Insummary/Inaword/onthewhole/Inall/Toconclude/Inbrief/Allthissuggeststhat…/Inconclusion/Itcanbeconcludedthat…
四、段落的扩展方法
1、列举法
eg.Topicsentence:
Basketballispopularinmanycountries.
(列举原因)Itisinexpensive./exciting/ahealthfulsport/bothanindoorandanoutdoorgame.
conclusion:
Thegamecanbeplayedbothinwarmcountriesandincoldcountries.
列举词语:
first(ly)、second(ly)、finally、lastly、kind、variety、group、set、class、contain、include、exclude、except、also、likewise、inaddition
2、举例法
topicsentence+example(例1、例2、例3)+restatement.
举例词语:
forexample、forinstance、suchas、namely、frequently、especially、specifically、occasionally、ingeneral、inparticular、toillustrate、thatistosay、
3、比较与对比法(comparisonandcontrast)
comparelikenessanddifference(parttopartorpointtopoint)
常用词:
likewise、justas、inlikemanner、similarto、correspondencewith、resemble、oncemore、onceagain、compareto/with、connectedwith、makeacomparisonwith、distinguish、opposed、conversely、evenso、instead、different、dissimilar、unlike、differencesbetween、ontheotherhand、nevertheless、onthecontrary、incontrast、inspiteofthis
4、定义法(definition)
eg.Topicsentence:
Happinessmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.
Purpose:
toexplainthemeaningofhappiness.
Methodsofdevelopment:
extendeddefinition,contrast、
Techniquesofsupport:
facts、examples.
Happinessmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Forexample,somepeoplebelievethatiftheyhavemuchmoneyormanythings,theywillbehappy.Theybelievethatiftheyarewealthy,theywillbeabletodoeverythingtheywant,andsotheywillbehappy.Ontheotherhand,somepeoplebelievethatmoneyisnottheonlyhappiness.Thesepeoplevaluetheirreligion,ortheirintelligence,ortheirhealth;thesemakethemhappy.Forme,happinessiscloselytiedtomyfamily.Iamhappyifmywifeandmychildrenliveinharmony.Whenallmembersofmyfamilysharegoodandsadtimes,andwhenmychildrencommunicatewitheachotherandworktogether,Iamhappy.Althoughthedefinitionofhappinessdependsoneachindividual,my“wealth”ofhappinessisinmyfamily.
定义法常用词:
Themeaningofthiswordis…
Thiscanbedefinedas…
Inotherwords,by…Idon’tmean…
Thewordmeans…
5、分类法
即Howcanitspartsortypesbeseparatedorgrouped?
Onwhatbasiscanitbecategorized?
Eg.There’rethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbestsellersunread,untouched….
6、因果法(causeandeffect)
常用词:
Because、reasonfor、resultin/from、leadto、dueto、therefore、so、asaconsequence、accordingly、thus、hence、Nowthat、Since、As
7、过程描述法:
即描述howtodosth.
常用词:
presently、afterward、meanwhile、atthatmoment、earlier、later、then、next、first、soon
例文分析:
title:
GoodHealth
Openingsentence:
Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.
Outline:
1、Importanceofgoodhealth.
2、Waystokeepit.
3、Myownpractices.
Title:
OnMakingFriends
OpeningSentence:
Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.
Outline:
1、Theneedforfriends.
2、Truefriendship
3、Myprincipleinmakingfriends.
例文:
1DatingonCampus校园里的恋爱
Nowadays,thereisagrowingpopularityofdating(orspousehunting)oncampus.somestudents,whoaregoodatdatinghandsomeboysorprettygirlsbecomepopular,whileothers,whocarenothingfordating,areoftensneeredat.Discussionofsuccessfulmarriagehasattractedtheinterestofmanycuriousstudents.
Somepeoplesaymarriageisnoteasy,thatyouhavetofeedandwaterandtrimit,allthathorticulturestuff.Theyclaimthatmarriageislikeacage,whilethebirdoutsidetriesdesperatelytogetin,thebirdinsideattemptsdesperatelytogetout.Othersarguethatasuccessfulmarriagehaslittletodowithworkandevenlesstodopatience.Itallcomesdowntoatransitionofattitudes.Beforemarriage,oneshouldkeephistoweyeswideopen;aftermarriageshutone,Theysuggestthatoneshouldcloselyweighmanyfactorsaffectingmarriagesuchascompetence,personalities,aswellasfamilybackground;andnotletappearance,powerormoneyfoolyou.Moreover,toleranceandmutualunderstandingplayanimportantroleinkeepingasuccessfulmarriage.
Thereisnothingwrongwithdatingoncampusandnopowercanreallybanit.However,
Findingalifelongcompanionisnopicnic.Inmyopinion,weshouldkeepourtoweyeswideopentofindsomeonewereally