英语语言学概论整理.docx
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英语语言学概论整理
Chapter1Language语言
1.Designfeature(识别特征)referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
2.Productivity(能产性)referstotheabilitythatpeoplehaveinmakingandcomprehendingindefinitelylargequantitiesofsentencesintheirnativelanguage.
3.arbitrariness(任意性)Arbitrarinessreferstothephenomenonthatthereisnomotivatedrelationshipbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.
4.symbol(符号)Symbolreferstosomethingsuchasanobject,word,orsoundthatrepresentssomethingelsebyassociationorconvention.
5.discreteness(离散性)Discretenessreferstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.
6.displacement(不受时空限制的特性)Displacementreferstothefactthathumanlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutthingsthatarenotintheimmediatesituationsofitsusers.
7.dualityofstructure(结构二重性)Theorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels,oneofsounds,theotherofmeaning,isknownasdualityofstructure.
8.culturetransmission(文化传播)Culturetransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinheritance.
9.interchangeability(互换性)Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.
1.★Whatislanguage?
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.
First,languageisasystem.
Second,languageisarbitraryinthesense.
Thethirdfeatureoflanguageissymbolicnature.
2.★Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?
Languagehassevendesignfeaturesasfollowing:
1)Productivity.
2)Discreteness.
3)Displacement
4)Arbitrariness.
5)Culturaltransmission
6)Dualityofstructure.
7)Interchangeability.
3.Whydowesaylanguageisasystem?
Becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,andeverylanguagecontainsasetofrules.Bysystem,therecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Andthesounds,thewordsandthesentencesareusedinfixedpatternsthatspeakerofalanguagecanunderstandeachother.
4.★(Functionoflanguage.)AccordingtoHalliday,whataretheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguage?
Andwhatarethethreefunctionalcomponentsofadultlanguage?
I.Hallidayusesthefollowingtermstorefertotheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguage:
1)Instrumentalfunction.工具功能
2)Regulatoryfunction.调节功能
3)Representationalfunction.表现功能
4)Interactionalfunction.互动功能
5)Personalfunction.自指性功能
6)Heuristicfunction.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]
7)Imaginativefunction.想象功能
II.Adultlanguagehasthreefunctionalcomponentsasfollowing:
1)Interpersonalcomponents.人际
2)Ideationalcomponents.概念
3)Textualcomponents.语篇
Chapter2Linguistics语言学
1.generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics(普通语言学与描写语言学)Theformerdealswithlanguageingeneralwhereasthelatterisconcernedwithoneparticularlanguage.
2.synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics(共时语言学与历时语言学)Diachroniclinguisticstracesthehistoricaldevelopmentofthelanguageandrecordsthechangesthathavetakenplaceinitbetweensuccessivepointsintime.Andsynchroniclinguisticspresentsanaccountoflanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime.
3.theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics(理论语言学与应用语言学)Theformercopeswithlanguageswithaviewtoestablishingatheoryoftheirstructuresandfunctionswhereasthelatterisconcernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandfindingsoflinguisticstoallsortsofpracticaltasks.
4.microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学)Theformerstudiesonlythestructureoflanguagesystemwhereasthelatterdealswitheverythingthatisrelatedtolanguages.
5.langueandparole(语言与言语)Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhereasthelatterreferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationbyanindividualspeaker.
6.competenceandperformance(语言能力与语言运用)Theformerisone’sknowledgeofallthelinguisticregulationsystemswhereasthelatteristheuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
7.speechandwriting(口头语与书面语)Speechisthespokenformoflanguagewhereaswritingiswrittencodes,giveslanguagenewscope.
8.linguisticsbehaviorpotentialandactuallinguisticbehavior(语言行为潜势与实际语言行为)Peopleactuallysaysonacertainoccasiontoacertainpersonisactuallinguisticsbehavior.Andeachofpossiblelinguisticitemsthathecouldhavesaidislinguisticbehaviorpotential.
9.syntagmaticrelationandparadigmaticrelation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系)Theformerdescribesthehorizontaldimensionofalanguagewhilethelatterdescribestheverticaldimensionofalanguage.
10.verbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication(言语交际与非言语交际)Usualuseoflanguageasameansoftransmittinginformationiscalledverbalcommunication.Thewaysweconveymeaningwithoutusinglanguageiscallednon-verbalcommunication.
1.★HowdoesJohnLyonsclassifylinguistics?
AccordingtoJohnLyons,thefieldoflinguisticsasawholecanbedividedintoseveralsubfieldsasfollowing:
1)Generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics.
2)Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics.
3)Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.
4)Microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics.
2.Explainthethreeprinciplesbywhichthelinguistisguided:
consistency,adequacyandsimplicity.
1)Consistencymeansthatthereshouldbenocontradictionsbetweendifferentpartsofthetheoryandthedescription.
2)Adequacymeansthatthetheorymustbebroadenoughinscopetooffersignificantgeneralizations.
3)Simplicityrequiresustobeasbriefandeconomicaspossible.
3.★Whatarethesub-branchesoflinguisticswithinthelanguagesystem?
Withinthelanguagesystemtherearesixsub-branchesasfollowing:
1)Phonetics.语音学isastudyofspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.
2)Phonology.音位学studiesaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofaspeaker’snativelanguage.
3)Morphology.形态学studiesabouthowawordisformed.
4)Syntax.句法学studiesaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.
5)Semantics.语义学studiesaboutthemeaningoflanguage,includingmeaningofwordsandmeaningofsentences.
6)Pragmatics.语用学
★Thescopeoflanguage:
Linguisticsisreferredtoasascientificstudyoflanguage.
★Thescientificprocessoflinguisticstudy:
Itinvolvesfourstages:
collectingdata,formingahypothesis,testingthehypothesisanddrawingconclusions.
Chapter3Phonetics语音学
1.articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)Thestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.
2.acousticphonetics(声学语音学)Thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.
3.auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)Thestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.
4.consonant(辅音)Consonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairformthelanguageiseithercompletelyblocked,orpartiallyblocked,orwheretheopeningbetweenthespeechorgansissonarrowthattheairescapeswithaudiblefriction.
5.vowel(元音)isdefinedasaspeechsoundinwhichtheairfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayandispronouncedwithvocal-cordvibration.
6.bilabials(双唇音)Bilabialsmeansthatconsonantsforwhichtheflowofairisstoppedorrestrictedbythetwolips.[p][b][m][w]
7.affricates(塞擦音)Thesoundproducedbystoppingtheairstreamandthenimmediatelyreleasingitslowlyiscalledaffricates.[tX][dY][tr][dr]
8.glottis(声门)Glottisisthespacebetweenthevocalcords.
9.roundedvowel(圆唇元音)Roundedvowelisdefinedasthevowelsoundpronouncedbythelipsformingacircularopening.[u:
][u][OB][O]
10.diphthongs(双元音)Diphthongsareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.[ei][ai][Oi][Qu][au]
11.triphthongs(三合元音)Triphthongsarethosewhichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherandthenrapidlyandcontinuouslytoathirdone.[eiQ][aiQ][OiQ][QuQ][auQ]
12.laxvowels(松元音)Accordingtodistinctionoflongandshortvowels,vowelsareclassifiedtensevowelsandlaxvowels.Allthelongvowelsaretensevowelsbutoftheshortvowels,[e]isatensevowelaswell,andtherestshortvowelsarelaxvowels.
1.★Howareconsonantsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria?
TheconsonantsinEnglishcanbedescribedintermsoffourdimensions.
1)Thepositionofthesoftpalate.
2)Thepresenceortheabsenceofvocal-cordvibration.
3)Theplaceofarticulation.
4)Themannerofarticulation.
2.★Howarevowelsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria?
Vowelsoundsaredifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors.
1)Thestateofthevelum
2)Thepositionofthetongue.
3)Theopennessofthemouth.
4)Theshapeofthelips.
5)Thelengthofthevowels.
6)Thetensionofthemusclesatpharynx.
3.★Whatarethethreesub-branchesofphonetics?
Howdotheydifferfromeachother?
Phoneticshasthreesub-branchesasfollowing:
1)Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.
2)Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.
3)Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.
4.★Whatarethecommonlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsandvowelsrespectively?
I.Thefrequentlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsincludethefollowing:
1)Voiced.
2)Nasal.
3)Consonantal.
4)Vocalic.
5)Continuant.
6)Anterior.
7)Cor