现代国际商务word版整理.docx

现代国际商务word版整理.docx

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现代国际商务word版整理

ChapterOne

（1）

fundamental

veryimportantoressential.

shift

achange

occur

Whensomethingoccurs,ithappens

self-contained

Youcandescribesomeoneorsomethingasself-containedwhentheyarecompleteandseparateanddonotneedhelporresourcesfromoutside.

entity

Anentityissomethingthatexistsseparatelyfromotherthingsandhasaclearidentityofitsown.

isolation:

astateofseparationbetweenpersonsorgroups

barrier:

astructureorobjectthatpreventsfreemovement.

（crowdcontrolbarrier）

border:

alinethatindicatesaboundary

regulation:

aprincipleorconditionthatgovernsbehavior.

perceive:

Ifyouperceivesomething,yousee,notice,orrealizeit

shrink:

reduceinsize;reducephysically

merge:

Ifonethingmergeswithanother,orismergedwithanother,theycombineorcometogethertomakeonewholething.

decline:

changetowardsomethingsmallerorlower

interdependent:

dependoneachother;mutuallydependent.

integrated:

formedorunitedintoawhole

Afundamentalshiftisoccurringintheworldeconomy.

Wearemovingawayfromaworldinwhichnationaleconomieswererelativelyself-containedentities,isolatedfromeachotherbybarrierstocross-bordertradeandinvestment;bydistance,timezones,andlanguage;andbynationaldifferencesingovernmentregulation,culture,andbusinesssystems.

Wearemovingtowardaworldinwhichbarrierstocross-bordertradeandinvestmentaredeclining;perceiveddistanceisshrinkingduetoadvancesintransportationandtelecommunicationstechnology;materialcultureisstartingtolooksimilartheworldover;andnationaleconomiesaremergingintoaninterdependentintegratedglobaleconomicsystem.

Theprocessiscommonlyreferredtoasglobalization.

Isolation——integration

Reviewthenewwords.

Answertwoquestions:

1.Pleasetellmethereasonsthatmadenationsrelativelyself-contained?

2.whatarethereasonsthatmakethenationaleconomiesrelativelyinterdependentandintegrated?

Whatdoesitmeanforconsumers?

Whatdoesglobalizationmeanforcompanies?

Thecompanyisknownforitsmoderndesignsforvarioustypesofready-to-assemblefurniture,anditsinteriordesignworkisoftenassociatedwithan eco-friendly simplicity. 

Inaddition,thefirmisknownforitsattentiontocostcontrol,operationaldetails,andcontinuousproductdevelopment,corporateattributesthatallowedIKEAtoloweritspricesbyanaverageoftwotothreepercentoverthedecadeto2010duringaperiodofglobalexpansion.

Quality—Price（costcontrol）

InteriorDesign（Eco-friendlysimplicity）

Newproducts

Additionally,…….

AsofOctober2011,IKEAownsandoperates332storesin38countries. 

Readparagraphtwoinpage3,andanswerthefollowingquestions:

1.whataretheexamplesoftradeingoodsandtradeinservicesmentionedintheparagraph?

2.whichcompanyisanexampleofprivatization?

Tradeingoods（merchandisetrade）includesallofthegoodsacountryexportsorimports:

agriculturalproducts（coffeebean,）,machinery,autos（car）,steel.rubber,petroleum（oil）,cellphone,textiles,andthelike.

Tradeinservicescompromisemainlytransportservices,consultationservices、advertisingservices、telecommunicationservices,informationservices,andthelike.

DeutscheTelecom,aGermantelecommunicationsfirmthatwastransformedfromaformerstate-ownmonopolyintoaglobalcompany.

distinct:

different;

facilitate:

makeitmorelikelytohappen,promote;

converge:

Ifpeopleorvehiclesconvergeonaplace,theymovetowarditfromdifferentdirections.

Ifroadsorlinesconverge,theymeetorjoinataparticularplace.

preference:

astrongliking

givewayto:

为…让路

accountfor:

bethereasonorexplanationfor;

customize:

makeaccordingtorequirements;

dimension:

themagnitudeofsomethinginaparticulardirection（especiallylengthorwidthorheight）

Question:

Whatisglobalization?

Answer:

Globalizationreferstothetrendtowardsamoreintegratedandinterdependentglobaleconomicsystem

Twokeyfacetsofglobalizationare:

theglobalizationofmarkets

theglobalizationofproduction

Globalizationofmarkets–referstothemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplace.

Fallingbarrierstocross-bordertradehavemadeiteasiertosellinternationally.

Thetastesandpreferencesofconsumersindifferentnationsarebeginningtoconvergeonsomeglobalnorm,therebyhelpingtocreateaglobalmarket.

Couldwesaynationalmarketsaregivingwaytotheglobalmarketplace?

Significantdifferencesstillexistamongnationalmarketsalongmanyrelevantdimensions,includingconsumertastesandpreferences,distributionchannels,valuesystems,businesssystems,andlegalregulations.

Thesedifferencesfrequentlyrequirecompaniestocustomizemarketingstrategies,productfeatures,andoperatingpracticestobestmatchconditionsinaparticularcountry.

Doesacompanyhavetobethesizeofmultinationalgiantstobenefitfromtheglobalizationofmarkets?

smallandmedium-sizedenterprises（SMEs）isdefinedintheUSITCreportasfirmswithlessthan500employees.

Globalizationofproduction-thesourcingofgoodsandservicesfromlocationsaroundtheglobetotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproduction（laborenergy,land,andcapital）

Goal:

loweroverallcoststructureorimprovethequalityorfunctionalityoftheirproductandgaincompetitiveadvantage

proportion:

aproportionofagrouporanamountisapartofit.

transcend:

gobeyond

institution:

aninstitutionisalargeimportantorganizationsuchasauniversity,church,orbank.

Tariff:

Atariffisataxthatagovernmentcollectsongoodscomingintoacountry.

Successor:

apersonwhofollowsnextinorder

Predecessor:

Yourpredecessoristhepersonwhohadyourjobbeforeyou

monetary:

relatingtomoney

fund:

areserveofmoneysetasideforsomepurpose

multilateral:

involvingatleastthreedifferentgroupsofpeopleornations.

lenderoflastresort:

最后贷款者

controversy:

alotofdiscussionandargumentaboutsomething,ofteninvolvingstrongfeelingsofangerordisapproval.

TheEmergenceofGlobalInstitutions

Asmarketsglobalizeandanincreasingproportionofbusinessactivitytranscendsnationalborders,globalinstitutionsareneededtomanage,regulate,andpolicetheglobalmarketplace,andtopromotetheestablishmentofmultinationaltreatiestogoverntheglobalbusinesssystem.

theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade（GATT）anditssuccessor,theWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）;

theInternationalMonetaryFund（IMF）;

theWorldBank（WB）;

theUnitedNations（UN）.

Alloftheseinstitutionswerecreatedbyvoluntaryagreementbetweenindividualnation-states.

TheGATTanditssuccessortheWTO

TheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade（GATT）wasamultilateralagreementregulatinginternationaltrade.Itspurposewasthe"substantialreductionoftariffsandothertradebarriersandtheeliminationofpreferences,onareciprocalandmutuallyadvantageousbasis.“

TheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）isprimarilyresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystemandmakingsurenation-statesadheretotheruleslaiddownintradetreatiesbyWTOmembers.

TheWTOisalsoresponsibleforfacilitatingtheestablishmentofadditionalmultinationalagreementsbetweenWTOmembers

theInternationalMonetaryFund（IMF）-maintainsorderintheinternationalmonetarysystem

Countriescontributemoneytoapoolthroughaquotasystemfromwhichcountrieswithpaymentimbalancescanborrowfundstemporarily.Throughthisactivityandotherssuchasthedemandforself-correctingpolicies,theIMFworkstoimprovetheeconomiesofitsmembercountries.

theWorldBankhasfocusedonmakinglow-interestloanstocash-strappedgovernmentsinpoornationsthatwishtoundertakesignificantinfrastructureinvestment（suchasbuildingdamsorroads）

theUnitedNations（UN）wasestablishedinOctober24,1945by51countriescommittedtopreservingpeacethroughinternationalcooperationandcollectivesecurity.Today,nearlyeverynationintheworldbelongstotheUN;membershipnowtotals191countries.

G20:

establishedtoformulateacoordinatedpolicy

Currently,thereare20membersoftheG-20.Theseinclude,attheleaderssummits,theleadersof19countriesandoftheEuropeanUnion,and,attheministerial-levelmeetings,thefinanceministersandcentralbankgovernorsof19countriesandoftheEuropeanUnion. 

SincetheUSFederalReservestarteditsquantitativeeasingprogramsometwoyearsago,therehasbeenalargeflowofcapitalintoemergingmarketsinsearchofhigherreturns.Thisfloodofmoneyhas,inturn,inflatedassetpricesinthesemarketsandpushedupthevalueoftheirrespectivecurrencies.

Asuddencapitaloutflowcouldbursttheassetbubblesinsomeemergingmarkets,sparkingafinancialcrisisasmanyenterpriseshavegreatlyincreasedtheirforeigncurrencyborrowingsatlowinterestratestofundtheirdomesticinvestments.

ChapterOne

（2）

crash:

Ifabusinessorfinancialsystemcrashes,itfailssuddenly,oftenwithseriouseffects.

retaliatory:

Ifyoutakeretaliatoryaction,youtrytoharmorannoysomeonewhohasharmedorannoyedyou.

beggarthyneighbor:

以邻为壑

（Thyisanold-fashioned,poetic,orreligiouswordfor“your”）

Containerization:

集装箱化

Fall-decline-plummet-plunge

exploit:

Ifyousaythatsomeoneisexploitingyou,youthinkthattheyaretreatingyouunfairlybyusingyourworkorideasandgivingyouverylittleinreturn

staff:

Ifanorganizationisstaffedbyparticularpeopl