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外文翻译一浅析邮政服务与快递服务的异同二基于车队调度的特点分析快递服务的网络设计大学论文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

2012届

译文一：

浅析邮政服务与快递服务的异同

译文二：

基于车队调度的特点分析快递服务的网络设计

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SERVICES:

THECASEOFPOSTALVERSUSEXPRESSDELIVERYSERVICES

MichaelG.Plummer

1Introduction

Indevelopedcountries,servicescontinuetoconstitutebyfarthelargestshareofnationaleconomies.Forexample,intheEUandtheUnitedStates,approximatelyseventyandeightypercent,respectively,oftheeconomyfallsunderthegeneralrubricofservices.Serviceshavealsoincreasedinimportanceintrade:

intheyear2000,theshareofservicesintotalexportscametoapproximately28percentintheUnitedStatesand22percentintheEU,withanaveragefortheentireOECDcomingtoabout19percent.

Thesametrendisobservableindevelopingcountries.Duringthedevelopmentprocess,itistypicalthat:

（1）agriculturefallsasapercentageofGDP;

（2）manufacturingfirstrisesandthenfallsastheeconomymatures;but（3）servicescontinuetogrowthroughoutthe

developmentprocess.Asapercentageoftrade,servicesexportsofdevelopingcountrieshaverisenfromninepercentin1980（approximatelyhalftheshareofdevelopedcountries）toabouteighteenpercentin2000,onaparwiththatofthedevelopedcountries.

Giventhecomplicatedanddiversenatureoftradeinservices,liberalizationatthegloballevelcanbemoredelicateandinmanywaysmoredifficultthantradeingoods.Servicescanbehightechorlowtech;inputsand/orfinalproducts;privately-providedorpublicly-provided;andcloselyrelatedtootherareas,suchasforeigndirectinvestment

（“FDI”）.Manyservicesareas,however,stillincludegovernmentinvolvement,andstateprerogativesincertainareasarerecognized

bytheGATS.Moreover,tradeingoodstendstobeseparatefromFDI,thoughclearlythereexistindirectlinksbetweentradeandFDI.Intheareaofservices,however,tradeinservicescanbeintricatelylinkedtoFDI;insomesectors,tradeinservicesisimpossiblewithoutFDI.

Inthischapter,wewillfocusontheneedforservicesliberalizationintheglobaleconomy,withafocusondevelopingcountries.Moreover,wewillusetheprocessandcomplicationsassociatedwiththeliberalizationofexpressdeliveryservicesasacasestudy.Thisareaisparticularlyinterestingbecause:

（a）itisanindustrythathasbecome

highlyinternational;（b）ithasbecomeanimportantinputtoavarietyofemergingindustriesandakeyingredientinthecompetitivenessoffirmsandcountries;（c）liberalizationrunsupagainstvariouscompetitionpolicyissues,especiallysinceitpotentiallyaffectsprivateandpublicservices5;and（d）itisexactlythetypeofindustrywheregreaterinternationalaccesscreatedthroughglobalagreementscanproducemajorbenefitstodevelopedanddevelopingcountriesalike.

2ServicesLiberalizationandtheStakesforEconomicDevelopment

AseriesofmultilateralnegotiationsundertheauspicesoftheGATT/WTOhavebeenverysuccessfulinbringingdownbarrierstotradeinmanufacturedgoods.Developingcountrytariffsare,ingeneral,muchhigherthaninthedevelopedworld,butalargemajorityofdevelopingcountrieshasliberalizedsubstantiallytradeinmanufacturesoverthepastfifteenyears.Infact,mostofthebenefitsthatwouldaccruetoglobalfreetradewouldgotodevelopingcountries,accordingtovariouscomputationalgeneralequilibriummodelsthathavebeenusedtoestimatesucheffects.

Thedevelopingworldisadifferentstory.Agriculturecontinuestoplayanimportantroleintheeconomyingeneralandintradeinparticularintheleast-developedcountriesandinmanymiddle-incomecountries.Inordertobesuccessful,theDohaRoundwillhavetoincludeatleastsomeagriculturalliberalizationifthedevelopingcountriesaregoingtoagreetoanyaccord.Still,asthedevelopmentprocessunfolds,manufacturesand,especially,serviceswillbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Asnotedabove,serviceshavebeengrowingrapidlyinimportanceandalreadyconstituteeighteenpercentofdeveloping-countryexports.

Anassociationbetweenrapidrealeconomicgrowthandrapidgrowthinservicestradedoesnotmeanthatthelattercausedtheformer.Suchestimationismuchmorecomplicated;indeed,thereexistsachicken-and-eggsimultaneityproblemhere.However,regardlessofwhichcauseswhich,thedevelopmentoftheservicessectorisclearlyanimportantpartofthedevelopmentprocess.

Thecaseforeconomicreformandliberalizationisjusttoostrong.Countriesthathavesustainedeconomicliberalizationhaveprospered;theonesthathavenotprosperedgenerallydonothaveoutward-orientedpoliciestoblamebutratherothereconomic-contextualproblems.Itishardtopromotegrowth—letalonelong-termdevelopment—inanatmosphereofhyper-inflationorcivilwar.Chinahasusedeconomicreformtotransformtheworld’smostpopulouscountryfromaleast-developed,autarkiceconomyintoanoutward-orientedeconomicpowerhouse;Vietnam’sreformsoverthepastfifteenyearshavecutpovertyratesfromone-halftoone-fifthofthepopulation.However,theprocessofeconomicliberalizationindevelopingcountrieshasgenerallylefttheservicessectorforlast.

3TheCaseforSeparatingPostalfromExpressDeliveryServicesinGATS

Expressdeliveryservicesconstituteaninterestingcasestudyinservice-sectorliberalization.Theirimportanceintheday-to-dayactivitiesoffirmshasincreasedsubstantiallyoverthepastfifteenyears,asevidencedbyrapidgrowthintheindustry.Indeed,expressdeliveryserviceshavenowbecomeanessential“infrastructure”todoingbusinessformanycompanies,aswellasbeinganincreasinglyimportantserviceforindividuals.Moreover,expressdeliveryservicesareparticularlynecessaryformultinationalsand,hence,easyaccesstomarketsbyexpressdeliveryprovidersisimportantinattractingFDIinflows,particularlyindevelopingcountries.

A.TheGeneralProblem

Thisiswherethedifficultylies:

expressdeliveryservicesareoftenconsideredacompetitortopostal-serviceproviders,whicharealmostinvariablystate-owned.Hence,liberalizationinthisareahasbeentricky,constrainedbycompetinginterestsfrombothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandbasedonamisunderstandingofthemarketinwhichbasicpostalservicesareconfusedwithexpressdeliveryservices（wearguebelowthattheyarerelatedbutdistinct）.Itwillbearguedinthischapterthatexistingrealitiesemphasizetheneedtoseparateexpressdeliveryservicesfrompostalactivities.

Expressdeliveryservicesneedtobethoroughlydifferentiatedfromtraditionalpostalservices,bothbecauseoftheclearsubstantivedifferencesbetweenthetwoandthedefinedpurviewofGATS.Failuretodosowillleadtomixingapplesandorangestothedetrimentofmemberstates,betheydevelopedordevelopingcountries.ItcouldalsothwartprogressinDohaAgendanegotiations.

B.CurrentClassifications

ExpressdeliveryservicesarecurrentlyclassifiedbytheWTOServicesClassificationList（W/120）,underboth“postal”and“courier”services.Theonlydistinctionbetweenpostalandcourierservicesisthattheformerrefertopublic-sectorofferedservices,whereasthelatterareprivate.Hence,ithastodowithownershipratherthanproduct,whichisunusualintheareaofinternationaltrade.Thistypeofclassificationleadstoagreatdealofconfusionoftheissues,aswellascomplicationsregardingcompetitionpolicy.

TheUSPostalServiceisanindependentgovernmentorganizationthatessentiallyhasamonopolyondeliveryoflettersandotheractivities.IntheUnitedStates,likeothercountries,thepostalserviceareaisdominatedbydomesticissuesratherthaninternationalones.But,whiletheUnitedStatesandEUhavemuchatstake,failuretoseparateclearlyUSO-relatedfromexpress-deliveryserviceswouldbeevenmoretothedisadvantageofdevelopingcountries.Thus,inmanyways,inclusionofexpressdeliveryservicesliberalizationasaseparateitemfrompostalservicesundertheDohaTradeAgendawillbemoreimportanttodevelopingthantodevelopedcountries.

C.ExistingPositionsRegardingLiberalization

AstheWTObeginsitspreparationsfortheDohaTradeAgenda,expressdeliveryserviceswilllikelyplayagreaterrolethantheyeverhaveinthepast.Theindustryhasbeengrowingrapidlyandhasbecomeveryinternational,evenwithoutGATS-relatedliberalizationhelpingtofosterit.Atpresent,thesituationdoesnotlenditselftotoomuchoptimism,asanumberofproposalsthathavebeentabledthusfarareconservativeandwillprobablydolittle.

Thusfar,therehavebeenanumberofproposalstabledinthegeneralareaofpostalandcourierservices,madebydeveloping（MERCOSUR,Bolivia,andHongKong）anddeveloped（EU,US,NewZealand）economies.Oneapproach19involveseliminatingadistinctionbetweenpostalservicesandcourierservices.Anotherapproachdefinesexpressdeliveryservicesspecificallyasbeingseparatefromcourierandpostalservicesandhavingasingleheading.Underthisapproach,then,member-stateswouldbeabletoproposeliberalizationofexpressdeliveryservicesdirectly.Thisheadingcouldthenbecomepartofabroaderrangeoftransportationactivitiesintheglobalizationofthesupply-chainmanagement.

4Summary

Thesalientresultsofthisstudycanbesummarizedasfollows:

Servicesingeneralandtradeinservicesinparticularhavebecomeincreasinglyimportanttodevelopedanddevelopingcountries,bothasfinalproductsandasinputstootherproductiveactivities.

TherelationshipbetweenservicesandFDI（undermode3）isextremelystrong;hence,servicesliberalizationisimportan