托福阅读真题解析.docx

托福阅读真题解析.docx

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托福阅读真题解析

2013年11月9日托福阅读真题解析

第一篇：

主题：

动物的行为来自本能，还是后天学习

为解答此问题，文中给出两种理论：

1、认为动物的行为来自于基因。

例子：

beggingcall（乞食的叫声），雏鸟出生就会。

2、行为是后天习得的。

专家用实验做了证明。

实验的实例：

雏鸟会叫，是因为在卵中听过成年鸟的叫声。

结论：

动物的行为来自先天与后天条件的共同影响。

解析：

文章结构非常清晰，是典型的“现象——问题——假说解答——证据——结论”发展流程。

“本能与学习”也并非新鲜话题，TPO,OG和其他真题当中早有涉及，各位考生可以参考

FeedingHabitsofEastAfricanHerbivores,OrientationandNavigation等文章。

另外请注意，文章发展流程中“证据”一节，在生物学话题中，往往以实验的形式出现；“结论”一节不一定提出准确、单一的结论，而可能由于证据不足而并无明确结论。

下面是关于“本能”的参考资料

Instinct or innatebehavior istheinherentinclinationofaliving organism towardaparticularcomplex behavior.

Thesimplestexampleofaninstinctivebehaviorisa fixedactionpattern,inwhichaveryshorttomediumlengthsequenceofactions,withoutvariation,arecarriedoutinresponsetoaclearlydefinedstimulus.

Anybehaviorisinstinctiveifitisperformedwithoutbeingbaseduponpriorexperience（thatis,intheabsenceoflearning）,andisthereforeanexpressionofinnatebiologicalfactors. Seaturtles,newlyhatchedonabeach,willautomaticallymovetowardtheocean.A joey climbsintoitsmother'spouchuponbeingborn.[1] Honeybees communicatebydancinginthedirectionofafoodsourcewithoutformalinstruction.Otherexamplesincludeanimalfighting,animalcourtship behavior,internalescapefunctions,andthebuildingof nests.Alloftheseareexamplesof complex behaviorsandarethussubstantiallydifferentfrom simple reflexbehaviors.

Aninstinctshouldbedistinguishedfroma reflex, whichisasimpleresponseofanorganismtoaspecificstimulus,suchasthecontractionofthepupilinresponsetobrightlightorthespasmodicmovementofthelowerlegwhenthekneeistapped.Instincts,incontrast,areinborncomplexpatternsofbehaviorthatmustexistineverymemberofthespeciesandthatcannotbeovercomebyforceofwill.[2] However,theabsenceofvolitionalcapacitymustnotbeconfusedwithaninabilitytomodifyfixedactionpatterns.Forexample,peoplemaybeabletomodifyastimulatedfixedactionpatternbyconsciouslyrecognizingthepointofitsactivationandsimplystopdoingit,whereasanimalswithoutasufficientlystrongvolitionalcapacitymaynotbeabletodisengagefromtheirfixedactionpatterns,onceactivated.[3]

Theroleofinstinctsindeterminingthebehaviorofanimalsvariesfromspeciestospecies.Themorecomplextheneuralsystemofananimal,thegreateristheroleofthecerebralcortex,andsociallearningandinstinctsplayalesserrole.Acomparisonbetweenacrocodileandanelephantillustrateshowmammalsforexampleareheavilydependentonsociallearning.Lionessesandchimpanzeesraisedinzoosawayfromtheirbirthmothersmostoftenrejecttheirownoffspringbecausetheyhavenotbeentaughttheskillsofmothering.Suchisnotthecasewithsimplerspeciessuchasreptiles

第二篇:

主题：

雨林里的叫声

第一、二段举若干雨林中动物发声的例子，青蛙发声的方式是其中一例。

中间若干段讨论雨林中动物在什么时间发声——结论是黎明和黄昏最吵，而正午最静。

原因可能是夜间声音传播效果好。

科学家在雨林中收集声音样本，发现听起来杂乱无章的声音，实际上各频率之间分隔很清楚。

不同物种占据不同的声音频率。

解析：

与第一篇相比，结构略显松散。

从若干发生动物的例子，到关于发声时间的讨论，再到不同物种发声频率的分布，并无逻辑上的必然联系。

但是，讨论的深入程度，还是随段落的发展在逐渐提升——即由具体（青蛙等例子）到抽象（声音的频率），由定性（青蛙等例子）到定量（声音的时间分布）到更精确定量（频率分布）。

下面是关于“雨林”的参考资料

Tropicalrainforestsarecharacterizedintwowords:

warmandwet.Meanmonthlytemperaturesexceed18°C（64°F）duringallmonthsoftheyear.[5]Averageannualrainfallisnolessthan168cm（66in）andcanexceed1,000cm（390in）althoughittypicallyliesbetween175cm（69in）and200cm（79in）.[6]

Manyoftheworld'srainforestsareassociatedwiththelocationofthemonsoontrough,alsoknownastheintertropicalconvergencezone.[7]Tropicalrainforestsarerainforestsinthetropics,foundintheequatorialzone（betweentheTropicofCancerandTropicofCapricorn）.TropicalrainforestispresentinSoutheastAsia（fromMyanmar（Burma）tothePhilippines,Malaysia,Indonesia,PapuaNewGuineaandnortheasternAustralia）,SriLanka,sub-SaharanAfricafromCameroontotheCongo（CongoRainforest）,SouthAmerica（e.g.theAmazonRainforest）,CentralAmerica（e.g.Bosawás,southernYucatánPeninsula-ElPeten-Belize-Calakmul）,andonmanyofthePacificIslands（suchasHawaiʻi）.Tropicalrainforestshavebeencalledthe"Earth'slungs",althoughitisnowknownthatrainforestscontributelittlenetoxygenadditiontotheatmospherethroughphotosynthesis.[8][9]

Tropicalrainforestsarecharacterizedintwowords:

warmandwet.Meanmonthlytemperaturesexceed18°C（64°F）duringallmonthsoftheyear.[5]Averageannualrainfallisnolessthan168cm（66in）andcanexceed1,000cm（390in）althoughittypicallyliesbetween175cm（69in）and200cm（79in）.[6]

Manyoftheworld'srainforestsareassociatedwiththelocationofthemonsoontrough,alsoknownastheintertropicalconvergencezone.[7]Tropicalrainforestsarerainforestsinthetropics,foundintheequatorialzone（betweentheTropicofCancerandTropicofCapricorn）.TropicalrainforestispresentinSoutheastAsia（fromMyanmar（Burma）tothePhilippines,Malaysia,Indonesia,PapuaNewGuineaandnortheasternAustralia）,SriLanka,sub-SaharanAfricafromCameroontotheCongo（CongoRainforest）,SouthAmerica（e.g.theAmazonRainforest）,CentralAmerica（e.g.Bosawás,southernYucatánPeninsula-ElPeten-Belize-Calakmul）,andonmanyofthePacificIslands（suchasHawaiʻi）.Tropicalrainforestshavebeencalledthe"Earth'slungs",althoughitisnowknownthatrainforestscontributelittlenetoxygenadditiontotheatmospherethroughphotosynthesis.[8][9]

Tropicalforestscoveralargepartoftheglobe,buttemperaterainforestsonlyoccurinfewregionsaroundtheworld.Temperaterainforestsarerainforestsintemperateregions.TheyoccurinNorthAmerica（inthePacificNorthwest,theBritishColumbiaCoastandintheinlandrainforestoftheRockyMountainTrencheastofPrinceGeorge）,inEurope（partsoftheBritishIslessuchasthecoastalareasofIrelandandScotland,southernNorway,partsofthewesternBalkansalongtheAdriaticcoast,aswellasinGaliciaandcoastalareasoftheeasternBlackSea,includingGeorgiaandcoastalTurkey）,inEastAsia（insouthernChina,Taiwan,muchofJapanandKorea,andonSakhalinIslandandtheadjacentRussianFarEastcoast）,inSouthAmerica（southernChile）andalsoinAustraliaandNewZealand.[10]

第三篇：

主题：

大陆漂移假说的起源

早期：

美洲大陆和非洲大陆的形状可以拼接，使人怀疑大陆是否曾经相互连接。

有人认为月球引力是大陆漂移的原因，但此说很可疑。

中期：

学者AW氏正式提出大陆漂移假说。

他提出支持假说的根据有美洲、非洲相似的岩层和冰川遗迹。

后期：

很多学者支持AW氏提出的假说，并纷纷发现新的证据，使此说越来越可信。

根据大陆漂移假说，合理的进一步推论：

远古时代，大陆一度挤成一团，并无欧亚非之分。

解析：

所谓学者AW氏，无疑就是AlfredLotharWegener,德国地质学家魏格纳。

文章题材，也并不新鲜，就是围绕特定现象，讲述学说更新的历史。

此类典型文章可参见theOriginofthePacificIslandPeople,theOriginsofAgriculture。

学说更新的历史，其结论往往容易预测——新的学说得到越来越多支持性证据，而老的学生被反证否定，最终大多数人接受了新学说。

以下是关于魏格纳其人的若干资料。

AlfredLotharWegener（November1,1880–November1930）wasaGermanpolarresearcher,geophysicistandmeteorologist.

Duringhislifetimehewasprimarilyknownforhisachievementsinmeteorologyandasapioneerofpolarresearch,buttodayheismostrememberedforadvancingthetheoryofcontinentaldrift（Kontinentalverschiebung）in1912,whichhypothesizedthatthecontinentswereslowlydriftingaroundtheEarth.Hishypothesiswascontroversialandnotwidelyaccepteduntilthe1950s,whennumerousdiscoveriessuchaspalaeomagnetismprovidedstrongsupportforcontinentaldrift,andtherebyasubstantialbasisfortoday'smodelofPlatetectonics.[1][2]WegenerwasinvolvedinseveralexpeditionstoGreenlandtostudypolaraircirculationbeforetheexistenceofthejetstreamwasaccepted.Expeditionparticipantsmademanymeteorologicalobservationsandachievedthefirst-everoverwinteringontheinlandGreenlandicesheetaswellasthefirst-everboringoficecoresonamovingArcticglacier.

FirstGreenlandexpeditionandyearsinMarburg

Inthatsameyear1906,WegenerparticipatedinthefirstofhisfourGreenlandexpeditions,laterregardingthisexperienceasmarkingadecisiveturningpointinhislife.TheexpeditionwasledbytheDaneLudvigMylius-ErichsenandchargedwithstudyingthelastunknownportionofthenortheasterncoastofGreenland.DuringtheexpeditionWegenerconstructedthefirstmeteorologicalstationinGreenlandnearDanmarkshavn,wherehelaunchedkitesandtetheredballoonstomakemeteorologicalmeasurementsinanArcticclimaticzone.HereWegeneralsomadehisfirstacquaintancewithdeathinawildernessoficewhentheexpeditionleaderandtwoofhiscolleaguesdiedonanexploratorytripundertakenwithsleddogs.

Afterhisreturnin1908anduntilWorldWarI,Wegenerwasalecturerinmeteorology,appliedastronomyandcosmicphysicsattheUniversityofMarburg.HisstudentsandcolleaguesinMarburgparticularlyvaluedhisabilitytoclearlyandunderstandablyexplainevencomplextopicsandcurrentresearchfindingswithoutsacrificingprecision.Hislecturesformedthebasisofwhatwastobecomeastandardtextbookinmeteorology,firstwrittenIn1909/1910:

ThermodynamikderAtmosphäre（ThermodynamicsoftheAtmosphere）,inwhichheincorporatedmanyoftheresultsoftheGreenlandexpedition.

On6January1912hepublicizedhisfirstthoughtsaboutcontinentaldriftinalectureatasessionoftheGeologischenVereinigungattheSenckenberg-Museum,FrankfurtamMainandinthreearticlesinthejournalPetermannsGeographischenMitteilungen.[5]

SecondGreenlandexpedition

AfterastopoverinIcelandtopurchaseandtestponysaspackanimals,theexpeditionarrivedinDanmarkshavn.Evenbeforethetriptotheinlandicebegantheexpeditionwasalmostannihilatedbyacalvingglacier.TheDanishexpeditionleader,JohanPeterKoch,brokehislegwhenhefellintoaglaciercrevasseandspentmonthsrecoveringinasickbed.WegenerandKochwerethefirsttowinterontheinlandiceinnortheastGreenland.[6]Insi