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7模块七原文全部
Unit19Lesson1GetaheadwithyourEnglish
Itwaspredictedasearlyasthe1700sthatEnglishwouldonedaybethegloballanguageandthathasprovedtobethecaseinthelastfewdecades.ThegrowthofinternationalcompaniesandthegreatadvancesincommunicationshavestartedthetrendforlearningEnglishasaforeignlanguage.Intoday'sworld,beingabletospeakmorethanonelanguage,includingEnglish,ishowyoustandoutandgetahead.
However,learningEnglishasaforeignlanguageisverydifficultintheabsenceofanativelanguageenvironment.Somerespectedtheoriesonlanguageacquisitionbelievethattoattainahighleveloffluencyandaccuracyinaforeignlanguage,youneedtobesurroundedbyit.Butsadly,thechancesthatwewillallhavetheopportunitytoliveinanEnglish-speakingcountryaresmall.Therefore,mostofushavetorelyonwhatwecanlearnatschoolaspartoftheschoolcurriculum.
OurlatestEnglishcurriculumencouragesteacherstocreatearichlanguageenvironmentintheclassroom.WhatthismeansisthattheymakesurethereisanadequateamountofinputinEnglishconveyedtothestudentsthroughvariousmediums.Thiscantaketheformofreadingandlisteningmaterialswhichmustbeofthehighestquality.Qualityinputensuresqualityoutput,whetheritisspeakingorwriting.
Toreallygetahead,however,meansputtinginextraworkoutsideoftheclassroom.Expertssaythatjust15minutesofextra-curricularstudyadaycanreallyaccelerateforeignlanguagelearning.Herearewhattheyrecommend:
-Settingachievabletargets.Forexample,enlargeyourvocabularyby10newwordseveryday—fivetimesaweek—thenrevisethewordsontheweekend.50newwordsaweekmeans200newwordsamonth.
-ListeningtoanEnglishsongseveraltimesinoneweekafterreadingthewords.
-WatchingthenewsinyourownlanguageandthenreadinganEnglishnewspaperornewswebsite.KnowingthemainstoriesbeforereadingwillguaranteegreatercomprehensionwhenreadinginEnglish.
-WatchingafavouriteDVD,butadjustingthelanguagetoEnglishinpartsyouknowwell.
-Studyingwithfriends.Testeachotherandsharelearningstrategies—thismakeslearningmoreenjoyable.
-Rewardingyourself.Ifyoureachatarget,treatyourself.Informafriendofyourtargetssotheycanhelpmotivateyouaswell.
Theserecommendationsareeasilyachievedandarewellworththeextraeffort.However,puttinginthoseextra15minutesadaydoestakededication.Tostaydedicated,youneedtokeepinmindwhyyouarelearningEnglish.Quitesimply,intoday'sworld,Englishholdsthekeytoabrighterfutureandaworldofpossibilities
Unit19Lesson3Bodylanguagespeaksforitself
Ifyousawafatherpattinghissononthebackwhilesmilinghappily,whatwouldyouthinkwasgoingon?
Youwouldprobablythinkthatthefatherwascongratulatinghissonondoingsomethingwell,maybepassinganexamorwinningarace.Youwouldknowwhatwasgoingonbecauseyouunderstoodthemessageconveyedbythefather'sbodylanguage.Acrosstheworld,apatonthebackandasmileusuallymeans,"welldone".
Bodylanguageisusedeverysingledaybypeopleofdifferentnationalitiesallovertheworld.Itisalanguagewithoutwordsthatconsistsofgestures,facialexpressionsandbodymovementsthatgreatlyaddto—andsometimesevenreplace—spokenlanguage.Bodylanguageisusedtocommunicatebothattitudesandfeelingsfromaffectiontoangerjustlikeanyotherlanguage,butitdiffersfromspokenlanguageasitisnotalwaysexplicit.Somebodyjumpingforjoyiseasytoseewhilearaisedeyebrowconveyingdoubtiseasiertomiss.
Peopleoftenusebodylanguageonpurpose.Someonewhodoesnotknowtheanswertoaquestionswillmovetheirshouldersupwardsawayfromtheirupperbodyandthenletthemfall,meaning"Idonotknow".However,bodylanguagecanbeunconsciousaswell.Apersonwhoisfeelinguncomfortableornervouswilloftenholdtheirbodyinaveryrigidmannerandhaveatightlookabouttheirmouths.Theymightalsocrosstheirarmsandmoveinanabruptwayresemblingarobotmorethanahuman.Theymightnotevenrealisehowtheyareactingbuttheirbodylanguagewilltellanyonewhocarestolookcloselyenoughhowtheyarefeeling.Bodylanguagecanthereforemakepeople'sfeelingsmoretransparentasalthoughwecanliewithwords,itisnotaseasytodosowithourbodies.
Learningtobeawareofyourbodylanguagecanbeaveryusefultool.Forexample,inajobinterview,youwillprobablybefeelingnervousbutyouwon'twanttoappeartobeinastateofunrest.Youwillwanttoappearcalmwithasmuchdignityaspossible.Merelybyuncrossingyourarms,youwillkookmoreconfident.
Bodylanguagecanbeveryusefulwhenpeopledonotshareacommonspokenlanguage.Forexample,inforeigncountries,itisveryeasytopurchasesomethingsimplybysmilingandpointingatwhatyouwant.Ontheotherhand,youcanalsoeasilyshowwhatyoudon'tlikebyshakingyourhead.Youcannegotiatethepricebyusingyourfingersandevenaskquestionsbyusingyourhandstooutlinetheshapesofthingsyouwant—althoughthiscancauseconfusionandafewlaughstoo!
However,bodylanguagecansometimesbeambiguous.Althougheveryculturearoundtheworldusesthesamegesturesandexpressions,theyusethemindifferentways.Forexample,anAmericantouristataGermanhotelmightgivean"OK"signbymakingacirclewiththeirfingers.UnlikeinAmericanwherethissignmeanseverythingisfine,inGermany,thisgesturecancauseoffence.Anotherexampleisthatinmostculturestonodone'sheadmeans"Yes"andshakeone'sheadmeans"No"whileinsomeculturestheoppositeistrue!
Regardlessofthesedifferences,expertsagreethatacrosstheglobethereisoneformofbodylanguagethatreceivesuniversalapproval—thesmile.Smilinghasahighsuccessratesoneverbeafraidtouseit—evenwhenyouarenervous—andespeciallyinforeigncountries!
Unit20Lesson1Futurology
HannahJoneslooksintothefuture.
Ilovetalkingaboutthefuture—andIamnottheonlyone.Overthecenturies,peoplehavealwayswonderedaboutthefuture.Someliketoreadfantasystoriesandimaginewhattheworldwillbelikein10,50oreven1,000years'time.Otherswriteaboutthefuturethemselves.Inthe18thand19thcenturies,especiallythelatter,themostcommonthemeinsciencefictionnovelswasthefuture.Someauthorsevenpredictedthingsthathavesincehappened,forexample,landingonthemoon!
Butforsomepeople,thinkingaboutthefutureisnotjustforfun.Theyplanthefutureoftheworldforaliving.Thesepeoplearecalledfuturologists.
Thisweekend,hundredsoffuturologistsaremeetingatNewcastleUniversity.TheseminarstartsonFridayandtheexpertswillbediscussingtheendlesspossibilitiesofthefuture.Thefutureisnowbigbusinessandmanypeoplewillattendtheseminarwithdreamsofstartingnewenterprisesbasedonthepredictionstheywillhearthisweekend.Iclickedintothewebsitesofafewfuturologistsandhere'swhatthey'repredicting:
•Inthenextfewyears,computerswillbecomehandier.Shortlyallofusaregoingtouseourvoicestogiveinstructionstocomputers.
Wewillbeabletodownloadanyfileorupdateourcomputersjustbysayingafewwords.
•Bytheyear2015,theclothingindustrywillhaveproducednewtypesofmaterialthatwillremainstainlessnomatterwhatyouspillonthem.Redwinestainswillnolongerruinclothes.Garmentswillalsobesostrongthattheywillnevergetoldandworn.
•Bytheyear2025,noonewilldieofstarvationbecausetherewillbefoodforeveryone.Noonewillhavetoliveonwelfareaseveryonewillhavejobsanddiscriminationwillbeapartofthepast.Therewillthereforenolongerbeanyconflictandpeoplewillbeabletolivetogetherinpeaceandequality.
•Bytheyear2030,developmentinbiochemistryandmedicalsciencewillhavemadeittheoreticallypossibleforustoliveforatleast150years.Tiny,insect-likerobotsmaybesentaroundthecellsofourbodiestoassessourhealthandcarryoutrepairstokeepushealthy.
•Bythemiddleofthecentury,computersthataremillionsoftimessmarterthanuswillhavebeendeveloped.Wewillbelinkingourbrainstothesecomputersandahugedatabase.Anewtypeofelectronichumanmighthavedeveloped!
•Bytheendofthecentury,wewillhavediscoveredotherplacesinoursolarsystemsuitableforlivingandwewillhavediscoveredwaystogofurtherintospace.
I'llbethereinNewcastlethisweekend.Atnineo'clockonSaturdaymorning,I'llbesittinginthefrontrowandlisteningtothegreatProfessorWillardtalkingaboutthefutureofmybrain.Ifyoucan'tbeatthefuture,joinit—it'sthedawnofanewworld.
Unit20Lesson3ScientificBreakthroughs
PIONEERSOFSCIENCE
Ifyouhadtochoosethesinglemostimportantdiscoveryofthe20thcentury,youwouldhavearealdilemmaonyourhands.Injust100years,theworldchangedcompletely.Amazingdiscoveriesweremadeinmedicine,communicationsandtransport,nottomentionourknowledgeoftheworldandspace.Medicaladvancesrangedfromdiscoveringthecausesofdiseasesundermicroscopestosurgicalproceduresreplacingdiseasedorganswithdonatedchangedwiththeintroductionofmobilephonesandthewaywecorrespondwentfromwritingletterstostartedflyingaroundtheworldandmeanwhile,scientistsfiguredouthowtosplittheatom,previouslythoughttobethesmallestparticleofmatterintheuniverse.
Althoughitisimpossibletochoosethemostimportantdiscovery,itispossibletosingleoutafewpioneersofthe20thcentury.Herearefiveofthem.