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美国文学简史复习资料
美国文学简史
复习资料
2016年12月23日
殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学
美国浪漫主义早期
新英格兰超验主义
美国浪漫主义后期
美国现实主义文学
美国乡土文学
美国现代诗歌
美国现代小说
美国南方文学
美国现代戏剧
美国黑人文学
美国华裔文学
殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学
NewEngland:
Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut,namedbyCaptainJohnSmith
ØPuritanism
DoctrinesofPuritanism:
predestination(命运神定),originalsin,totaldepravity(彻底的堕落),andlimitedatonement(有限的赎罪)fromGod’sgrace
PuritansleftEuropeforAmericainordertoprovethattheywereGod’schosenpeoplewhowouldenjoyGod’sblessingsonearthandinHeaven.TheyfeltthattheywereexilesunderthespecialgraceofGodtoestablishatheocracyintheNewWorld.
Styleofwriting:
thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest;atouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible
Puritans’wayofLife:
hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.
InHawthorne’sTheScarletLetterthereisagooddescriptionofthePuritans’life.
Mainwriters
WilliamBradford
OfPlymouthPlantation普利茅斯垦殖记
ThomasPaine
CommonSense常识;AmericanCrisis美国危机;TheRightsofMan人权;TheAgeofReason理性时代
PhilipFreneau
TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲;TheWildHoneysuckle野金银花
BenjaminFranklin
Autobiography富兰克林自传
ThomasJefferson
DrafttheDeclarationofIndependence.
美国浪漫主义早期
Romanticism
BackgroundofRomanticism:
Economicboomandnationaloptimism;Favorableliterarymilieu:
increasingnumberofmagazines;Foreigninfluences:
theRomanticMovementinEurope.
CharacteristicsofRomanticism:
Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.
Feelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandcommonsense.
Anemphasisonindividualism;placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.
Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.
Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange
Cherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.
FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism:
NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism.
Theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenofEdeninAmerica,andthePuritanheritage,etc.,thesewereallmaterialsforanindigenousliterature.
AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism.
DifferentfromtheirEuropeancounterparts,Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedifyratherthantoentertain.
The“newness”oftheAmericansasanation.
TheAmericansaredifferentfromtheEuropeans.Theiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewGardenofedenformanweredistinctlyAmerican.
TheNewEnglandPoets:
HenryW.Longfellow-APsalmofLife人生礼赞
Mainwriters
WashingtonIrving
TheSketchBook(1819-1820)见闻札记;TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说
JamesFenimoreCooper
Leather-stockingTales皮裹腿故事集;ThePioneers拓荒者;TheLastoftheMohicans最后一个莫希干人;ThePrairie大草原;ThePathfinder探路人;TheDeerslayer猎鹿人
新英格兰超验主义Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism
asawayofknowing,believesthatindividualscanintuitivelyreceivehighertruthsotherwiseunavailablethroughcommonmethodsofknowing,thustranscendingthelimitsofrationalism.Someofitsmajorconceptsare:
Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOver-soul(超灵),asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.
Itemphasizedtheimportanceoftheindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.
ItofferedafreshviewofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.
Significance
Agroupofnewwritersapplytranscendentalideasintheirworks
Weakness
Transcendentalismtendedtobecomemysticism.
sometimesresultedinrampantindividualism
makemoralindignationanirrelevantemotion.
Mainwriters
RalphWaldoEmerson(超验主义领袖)
Nature(标志性之作);TheAmericanScholar论美国学者
HenryDavidThoreau
Walden:
informal,spontaneousandsoeasy.Hissentencesareconcentratedandvigorous.
美国浪漫主义后期
HighRomanticsinfiction
NathanielHawthorne
TheScarletletter红字;TheHouseofSeverGables有七个尖角阁的房子
HermanMelville
Moby-Dick白鲸;Pierre皮埃尔
HighRomanticsinpoetry
ØEdgarAllenPoe-thefatherofmodernhorrorstoryanddetectivestory
TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque怪诞故事集;TheRaven乌鸦
Literarytheories(onpoetry)
Poeticalprinciples
Length:
thereisadistinctlimittoallworksofliteraryart—thelimitofasinglesitting.
Province:
Beautyisthesolelegitimateprovinceofthepoem.
Tone:
SadnessisthetoneofBeauty’shighestmanifestation.Melancholyisthemostlegitimateofallthepoeticaltones.Deathofabeautifulwomanisthemostpoeticaltopicintheworld.
Theimmediateobjectofpoetryispleasure,nottruth.
Poedefinestruepoetryas“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”,anddeclaresthatmusicisthe
perfectionofthesoul,oridea,ofpoetry.
WaltWhitman
LeavesofGrass草叶集
ØEmilyDickinson
FeaturesofDickinson’spoems
Dickinson’sstyleischaracteristicoffrequentuseofdashes,sporadiccapitalizationofnouns,convolutedandungrammaticalphrasing,off-rhymes,brokenmeters,boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors,andaphoristicwit.Herpoetrypreparesformodernpoetryinthe20thcentury.
lyric.Herpoemsareremarkablefortheirvariety,subtlety,andrichness.
brevityandintensity.
unorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuation.
innovationinrhyme.Onethewhole,herpoetryisirregularinrhymeandrhythm.
美国现实主义文学Realism
Historicalbackground
ImpactoftheCivilWar
Changesinnationaleconomiclife
Concentrationofwealthandpower
Polarizationoftherichandthepoor
(ThiswasthebeginningofwhatMarkTwaincalled“TheGildedAge”—anageofextremes:
ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.)
Closingofthefrontier
Definition
basedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistsonprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonesty,andademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.
Realismasaliterarymovementreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccurredatthelaterpartofthe19thcentury.
Realism,asabroaderterm,isalsoinclusiveofnaturalism,regionalismandlocalcolorwriting.
Majorfeatures
RealismreactsagainstRomanticism’semphasisonintuition,imagination,adreamysenseofwonder,idealism,faithinnature,andgeneraloptimisticbeliefinthegoodnessofthings.
Realistsclaimthattheyseektruththatisverifiablebyexperienceandhavepracticalconsequences;theydonotseekabstracttruth.
Realistsbelievethatliteratureimitatesreality.Theyareattentivetosuchdetailsasdialect,customs,andexperiencesthatarecommonplaceand“real”.
Realiststrytodescribeasmallportionoftheknowableworldinordertomaintain“objectivity.”
MainWriters
WilliamDeanHowells
TheRiseofSilasLapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆发迹记
HenryJames
ThePortraitofaLady贵妇画像
LiteraryTheory
Artandlife:
Artmustberelatedtolife;itmustbelifetransformedandchangedsothattheart
formwouldgivethetruthfulimpressionofactuality.
Pointofview
Psychologicalrealism(心理现实主义):
byemphasizingtheinnerawarenessandinward
movementsofhischaractersinfaceofoutsideoccurrences
becamethefirstofthemodernpsychologicalanalystsinthenovel
modernstream-of-consciousnesstechnique
美国乡土文学LocalColorFiction
Features
Localcolorfictionpresentsalocalewhichisdistinguishedfromtheoutsideworld.
describestheexoticandthepicturesque.
glorifiesthepast.
attemptstoshowthingsastheyare.
stressestheinfluenceofsettingoncharacter.
Dialectpeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicoflocalcolorwritings.
Representatives
ØMarkTwain
TheGildedAge镀金时代;TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆·索亚历险记;ThePrinceandthePauper王子与贫儿;LifeonMississippi密西西比河上;TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝利·费恩历险记
Style:
Vernacularlanguage;Localcolor.
Contribution
WilliamDeansHowellscalledMarkTwain“theLincolnofliterature.”.CombiningAmericanfrontierhumorandseriousstorytellingconventionswithhisjournalisticstyle,heproducedabodyofworkofenduringvalue.HiswritinggivesreadersaclearsenseoflifeintheprewarMississippiValley.Moreover,heinitiatedthevernaculartraditioninAmericanfiction.
FrancisBretHarte-thefirstAmericanwriteroflocalcolortoachievewidepopularity
TheLuckofRoaringCamp咆哮营里的幸运儿
HarrietBeecherStowe
UncleTom’sCabin汤姆大叔的小屋
KateChopin
TheAwakening觉醒
StephenCrane
TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章
TheodoreDresier
SisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹;AnAmericanTragedy美国悲剧
JackLondon
TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤;MartinEden马丁·伊登
美国现代诗歌ModernAmericanPoetry
-thesecondflowering(1914-1945)
Features
commontheme:
fragmentation
stream-of-consciousness
Italsofosteredabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Itwascharacterizedbyaconsciousrejectionofestablishedrules,traditionsandconventions.TheessenceofmodernismwasabreakwiththepastItstrovetoreflect20thcentury’ssocialandpoliticalchanges
Background
theconsequenceofthetransformationofsocietybroughtaboutbyindustrialismandtechnologyinthecourseofthe19thcentury.
Imagistmovement(1908-1917)
Imagism意象派
EzraPound-LeaderoftheImagistMovement.
Twomodernistpoets
T.S.Eliot
heWasteLand荒原
RobertFrost
“TheRoadNotTaken”“没有走过的路”
美国现代小说ModernAmericanFiction
Socialbackgroundsinthe1920s
ImpactofWorldWarI
The1920s:
theRoaring20s(咆哮二十年)JazzAge(爵士时代)DollarAge
TheRedScare恐共浪潮
TheProhibition(1919-1933)禁酒令
Lostoffaith
ØTheLostGeneration
namedappliedtothedisillusionedintellectualsandae