外文翻译对于石油泄漏的先进空间探测技术.docx

外文翻译对于石油泄漏的先进空间探测技术.docx

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外文翻译对于石油泄漏的先进空间探测技术

AdvancedSpaceTechnologyforOilSpillDetection

MaralH.Zeynalova,RustamB.RustamovandSaidaE.Salahova

AbstractEnvironmentalpollution,includingoilspillisoneofthemajorecologicalproblems.Negativehumanimpactsdemandstodevelopappropriatelegislationswithinthenationalandinternationalframeworkformarineandcoastalenvironmentaswellastheonshoreprotection.Severalseas,forinstancetheMediterranean,theBalticandtheNorthSeasweredeclaredasspecialareaswhereshipdischargesarecompletelyprohibited（SatelliteMonitoring,LUKOIL）.

InthisregardenvironmentalprotectionoftheCaspianSeahasaprioritystatusforAzerbaijanasaclosedwaterbasinecosystem.Thisarea,asahighlysensitiveareaintheWorldrequirespermanentecologicalmonitoringserviceswhereoilandgasfromthesubsurfaceoftheCaspianSeaisdevelopingalmostmorethanacentury.ThisstatusoftheCaspianSeaisexpectedtoberetentionatleastforthecomingfiftyyears.

Remotesensingisakeyinstrumentforsuccessfulresponsetotheonshoreandoffshoreoilspillsimpacts.Thereisanextremeneedfortimelyrecognitionoftheoilspilledareaswiththeexactplaceoflocation,extentofitsoilcontaminationandverificationofpredictionsofthemovementandfateofoilslicks.

BlackSearegionisexpectedtohaveadramaticincreaseinthetrafficofcrudeoil（mainlyfromtheCaspianregion）.ThemainreasonforthesechangesisthegrowthofoilindustryinbothKazakhstanandAzerbaijan.Therealsubstantialchangesintankermovementsandroutsarenotcleartillnow.

Anecessityforacontinuousobservationofthemarineenvironmentcomesaforewhenclarifyingthetendenciesofchangesintheconcentrationoftheparticularlydangerouspollutingsubstancesaswellasthebehaviorofdifferentkindsofpollutingsubstancesinthedetectedareai.e.,creationofasystemformonitoringthepollution（L.A.StoyanovandG.D.Balashov,UNISPACEIII,Varna,Bulgaria）.

TheexplorationofgeologicalandoilproductionstartedintheshelfoftheCaspianSeaalongtimeago.TheCaspianSeaisahighlysensitiveregiononecologicalandbiodiversitypointofview.Oildumpsandemergencyoilspillhaveanextremelybadinfluenceonthemarineandearthecosystemandcanleadtotheecologicalbalance.

Certainlythegeneralissueofoilandgaspipelinesafetyincludesaspectsofnaturaldisastersandproblemsrelatedtotheenvironment.AftersuccessfulconstructionoftheBaku-Tbilisi-CeyhanoilpipelineandBaku-Tbilisi-ErzrumgaspipelinetheseaspectsespeciallybecameveryimportantforAzerbaijananddefinitely,fortheregion.TheBaku-Tbilisi-CeyhanCrudeOilExportPipelinecomprisesaregionalcrudeoilexporttransportationsystem,approximately1750inoveralllength.

Generally,oilspillmonitoringintheoffshoreandonshoreiscarriedoutbymeansofspeciallyequippedairborne,shipsandsatellites.Obviously,daylightsandweatherconditionslimitmarineandaerialsurveillanceofoilspills.

KeywordsSpacetechnology.Spaceimage.OilspilDetection

Introduction

Generally,oilspillageiscategorizedintofourgroups:

minor,medium,majoranddisaster.Minorspillneithertakesplacewhenoildischargeislessthan25barrelsininlandwatersnorlessthan250barrelsonland,theoffshoreorcoastalwatersthatdoesnorposeathreattothepublichealthorwelfare.Incaseofthemediumspillthespillmustbe250barrelsorlessintheinlandwaterorfrom250to2500barrelsonland,offshoreandcoastalwaterwhileforthemajorspill,thedischargetotheinlandwatersisinexcessof250barrelsonland,offshoreorcoastalwaters.Thedisasterreferstoanyuncontrolledwellblowout,pipelineruptureorstoragetankfailurewhichposesanimmediatethreattopublichealthorwelfare.

Satellite-basedremotesensingequipmentinstalledinthesatelliteisusedformonitoring,detectingandidentifyingsourcesofaccidentaloilspills.Remotesensingdevicesincludetheuseofinfrared,videoandphotographyfromairborneplatforms.Inthemeantimepresentlyanumberofsystemslikeairborneradar,laserfluorescence,microwaveradiometer,SAR,ERS1,ERS2,ENVISATandLANDSATsatellitesystemsareappliedforthesamepurposes.Currentlymorethanadozensatellitesareintheorbitproducingpetabytesofdatadaily.Detaileddescriptionofthesesatellites,majorcharacteristicsofsensorscanbesummarizedasfollows:

●Spatialresolutionofsensorsrangesfrom1meter（e.g.IKONOS）toseveralkilo-meters（e.g.GEOS）

●Satellitesensorscommonlyusevisibletonear-infrared,infraredandmicrowaveportionsofelectromagneticspectrum;

●Spectralresolutionofsatellitedatarangesfromsingleband（Radarsat）tomultibands（e.g.MODISwith36bands）

●Temporalresolution（repeattime）variesfromseveraltimesaday（e.g.Meteosat）

●Themajorityofsatellite