英语演讲概述英文版.docx
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英语演讲概述英文版
EnglishPublicSpeaking
Chapter1Introduction
1.Introductiontothecourse
a.32hoursofclassesincluding8hoursofpracticingandtesting(muchmoretimeneededafterclass)
b.Forexamining:
eachwillgiveapublicspeechorparticipateinadebatingcontestandasmallpieceofspeechwriting.
c.Contentsofthecourse:
1)thebasicknowledgeandtheoryaboutpublicspeakinganddebating;2)practicalstrategies;3)manykindsofpractices.
d.Teachingplanning:
16hoursonpublicspeakingincludingaspeechtest(4hs)
16hoursondebatingincludingadebatingcontest(4hs)
2.Lecture1Contents:
a.Whatispublicspeaking?
b.Thehistoryofpublicspeaking.
c.Thepowerofpublicspeaking.
d.BecomeaBetterListener
e.Whatmakesagoodspeech.
A.Whatispublicspeaking?
1.Definingtheterm.
What’sthedifferencebetweenapublicspeakingandanordinaryconversation?
a.audience;b.specialtimeandspace;c.concretetopic;d.languageandstructure.
What’sthedifferencebetweenapublicspeakingandapublicreciting?
a.unboundedbytheoriginalwrittenwords;creative
b.Orallanguage;c.one-speakerform
DefinitionofPublicSpeaking:
Thesocialactivity,thataspeakerannounceshimself,stateshisopinions,orpersuadepeopletodothings,etc,usingverbalandnonverballanguageinfrontofanaudience,inasettimeorspace.Simplytosay,publicspeakingisawayofmakingyourideaspublic—awayofsharingthemwithotherpeopleandofinfluencingotherpeople.
2.Whatdoesaspeechorapresentationconsistof?
a.thespeaker;b.theaudience;c.thecontents;
d.thelanguage(verbal/nonverbal);e.Theenvironment.
3.Whatdoesaspeechorapresentationdo?
Inspiring,motivating,moving
B.ABriefHistoryofPublicSpeakingandSomeImportantSpeakers
1.Publicspeakinginwesternworld.
a.11th-10thBC,HomeinancientGreece,《伊利亚特》,《Odyssey》,firstbroughtabouttheideaoftheartofpublicspeakingandrecordedmanygreatspeechesmadebythefamousheroesandfightersthen.
b.5thBC,inAthens,Greece,makingpublicspeechesbecamepopularandcourtroomdebatingwerealsofrequenttosee.Manygreatspokesmenemergedduringthistime,amongwhichSocrates,Plato,Aristotle,andDemosthenes.Demostheneswasaremarkablepoliticianatthattime.Whenhewasyounghehadalotofundesirablehabitsinmakingspeeches,suchasshrugginghisshouldersallthetime,breathinghastilyandsoundingwithalowvoicelikehehadasoarthroat.Butlaterhepracticedspeakinginpublicwithgreateffortandenthusiasmandbecameanoutstandingspeaker.Actuallyhewaschosennumber1ofthetop10ancientGreekspokesmen.His61recordedspeechscriptshavebeentreasuredbytheworldsincethen.
c.Inthemiddleages,thatisfrom476ADtothe14thcentury,religionsbecametherulingtoolforthefeudalism.Religiousspeechestooktheplaceofthepoliticalandcourtroomspeeches,andmanypriestsbecomethespokesmenofthetime.ThomasAquinas,JohnManndekuni,etc.
d.14thcentury,theRevivalofLearning/Letters.Manypeoplestoodupagainstreligiouscommunities,theyspokeforthenatureofhumanbeings.HerecamesomegreatspokesmenlikeShakespeare,Dante,Galileo,etc.Atthesametime,manyhumblepeasantsbegantofightfortheirownrights,andsomegreatspeakerslikeWalterTaylorandJohnHusealsoemergedinhistory.
e.1648,theBritishCapitalisticRevolution.Duringthistime,manynewcapitalistsallovertheworldusedpublicspeakingastheirwayofreachingthroughtopeople.Robersphere,Danton.InGermany,academicspeechesarehavingtheirtime.ManyphilosopherslikeHegelandKantwereverypopularspeakers.
f.DuringthetimeoftheIndependenceWar,theUnitedStatesmarchedintothegreattimeforgreatspeeches.Amongalltheterrificspokesmen,oneofthemneedstobenotedtoyoumostly,thatisAbrahamLincoln,the16thpresidentoftheUSA.Hisspeechof“GettysburgAddress”wasreferredtoas“aholypoem”bypeoplewasareallyclassicspeechthatallofyoushouldbefamiliarwithjustlike“Ihaveadream”byMartinLutherKing.
g.Fromthe20thcenturyon:
WinstonChurchill,Roosevelt.
h.Proletarianspokesmen:
Marx,Lenin.
2.PublicspeakinginChina
a.商朝的盘庚,因为受水患和阶级矛盾的影响,将都城从奄(今山东曲阜)迁至殷(今河南安阳西北)之前,做了发动民众的三次演讲,其内容充实,言辞尖锐,论证有力,最终说服了臣民,实现了迁都的目的。
盘庚的《动员民众迁都》是我国古代保存下来的较为完整的演讲词,最早见于《尚书。
盘庚篇》
b.770-221BC诸子蜂起、百家争鸣:
孔子,墨子(提出“辩慧”是选拔人才的三大条件之一),孟子,荀子,老子,庄子,吕不韦,韩非子(有口吃的毛病,但在《说难》、《问辩》中对演讲的心理、语言运用的方法技巧等都作了较为精辟的论述)等。
c.2000多年的封建历史中:
汉代的董仲舒,西汉的贾谊司马相如,东汉的张衡,三国的诸葛亮,晋代的陶渊明,南朝的范缜唐代的玄素,韩愈,柳宗元,北宋的欧阳修,苏洵,苏轼,苏辙,王安石,南宋的朱熹,明代的王守仁,黄宗羲,唐伯虎,清代的颜元,郑板桥等。
d.1840之后,主张维新改良,或倡导民主革命的康有为,梁启超,谭嗣同和孙中山,蔡元培,秋瑾,陈天华等。
其中秋瑾是近代著名的女革命家,在904年日本留学期间,创办了“演说练习会”,出版《白话报》,她认为“演说以为一种学问”,“要开化人的知识,感动人的心思,非演说补课”,还列举了演说的五大好处,提倡用普通话演讲。
e.五四运动爆发后,演讲领域扩大,形式也多样化,各地掀起一股群众性的演讲热潮,并成立了大量的演讲社团。
1919年3月以邓中夏为首组织的“北京大学平民教育演讲团”是其中影响最大的。
这时期涌现的李大钊《庶民的精神》,陈独秀《妇女问题与社会主义》,胡适,鲁迅《读书与革命》,闻一多《最后一次的演讲》,朱自清《论气节》等一批杰出的演讲家。
f.1921年后,很多共产党的领导人也都是著名的演说家:
毛泽东《反对党八股》,周恩来,刘少奇,陈毅,邓中夏,恽代英,瞿秋白,彭湃等。
g.1949年以后,不仅仅是实践,更系统的研究演讲的艺术。
比如出版杂志《演讲与口才》、《交际与口才》等,还有一些关于演讲的著作,如邵守义《实用演讲学》,李燕杰《演讲美学》,冯远征《演讲心理学》。
国外的Carnegie“LanguageBreakthrough”.
C.ThePowerofPublicSpeaking
人之所以为人者,言也;人而不能言,何以为人?
--《春秋古梁转》
一言而可以兴邦,一言而丧邦。
--《论语、子路》
1.WilmaSubra’sexample:
Graduatedwithdegreesinchemistryandmicrobiology;workedinaresearchinstitutewheresheworkedtodoresearchonenvironmentaltoxins.Shefoundthatmanyfamilies,locatednearlargeindustrialpollutersareexposedtohigh,deadlylevelsofchemicalsandtoxins.Frustratedbythissheleftherjobin1981,createdherowncompanyanddevotedthepasttwodecadestohelpingpeoplefightbackagainstgiantindustrialpolluters.Sheworkedwithfamiliesandcommunitiestoconductenvironmentaltests,interprettestresults,andorganizeforchange.Becauseofherefforts,dozensoftoxicsitesacrossthecountryhavebeencleanedup,andonechemicalindustryspokespersoncallsher“atopgunfortheenvironmentalmovement.”
IfyouhadaskedSubrabefore1981,“Doyouseeyourselfasamajorpublicspeaker?
”shewouldhavelaughedattheidea.Yettodayshegivesmorethan100presentationsayear,notincludingradio,television,andnewspaperinterviews.AlongthewayshehaslecturedatHarvard,testifiedbeforeCongress,andaddressedaudiencesin40states,aswellasinMexico,CanadaandJapan.
PublicspeakingistheprimaryvehicleIuseforreachingpeople.Whenyouhaveanimportantmessage,it’sthebestwaytoencouragepeopleandgettheminvolved.
–WilmaSubra
2.Notonlyforgreatspeakers.
Dailysituationsthatyouarerequiredtogiveapublicspeech:
1)YouareelectedthepresidentofStudentUnion,andyouhavetogiveaninauguralspeechinfrontofthewholeunion.
2)Oneofthestudentsinyourschoolhadbeenbadlyinjuredinatrafficaccident,buthisfamilyistoopoortoaffordtheexpensiveoperationfeeinthehospital,youaregivingaspeechtomotivateeveryinyourclasstodonatesomemoneyforthisschoolmate.
3)Youaredoinginternshipatalargecompanywithsevenothertrainees.Recentlythereisanopeningjobforalower-managerofadepartment.Allthetraineesaresupposedtogiveapresentationinfrontofthehigher-rankingmanagersabouttheprojectyouhavebeendeveloping.Andwhoeverimpressestheaudiencemostwithhispresentationwillgetthejob.
4)Yourcousinisgettingmarried,asthebestmanofhis,youaresupposedtogivealittlespeechtogivewishtothenewbrideandgroomontheirweddingday.
Publicspeakingisavitalmeansofcommunication.AGreekleaderspoke2500yearsagothat“Onewhoformsajudgmentonanypointbutcannotexplainitclearlymightaswellneverhavethoughtatallonthesubject.”
TheexampleofDoctorCordiss:
InBrooklyn,NewYork,Doc.Cordisswasinvitedtoattendalargedinnerpartyheldbyafamousbaseballteam.Attheparty,thedoctorwhowasanexpertinkeepingpeoplehealthyfor30years,wasaskedtogivealittlespeechabouthowthebaseballplayersaresupposedtodotokeepfit.Aswelllearnedinthefieldashewas,doctorwasfrightenedofmakingavoiceinpublic.Atlast,heleftwithallthepeopleexpecting,andwithoutaword.LaterhesignedhimselfuptotakethetrainingcoursesforpublicspeakingheldbyCarnege,andbecameafamousspokesman.
Conclusion:
theuseofpublicspeakingforconveyingmessageandideasisappliedbypeopleinallwalksoflife.Youwillneverknowwhenyouareaskedtomakeaspeechorapresentationinfrontofpeople.Therefore,learningsomeusefulskillsandstrategiesofpublicspeakingandevenregularpracticesareverynecessarytocollegestudents.Now,moreandmorecommunitieshaverealizedtheimportanceofmasteringtheskillsofpublicspeaking,especiallyinuniversitystudents.Manydifferentspeakingcontestswouldbeagoodwaytotraininthisarea,butalso,therearemorewaystodoit.
PartIToBecomeaCriticalListener
1.ListeningisImportant
Listeninghasbeencalled“alostart”becausemostpeopleareshockinglypoorlisteners.Wefakepayingattention.Wecanhear“sounds”insteadoflisteningto“ideas”.Hearingisaphysiologicalprocess,involvingthevibrationofsoundwavesonoureardrumsandthefiringofelectrochemicalimpulsesfromtheinnereartothecentralauditorysystemofthebrain.Butlisteninginvolvespayingcloseattentionto,andmakingsensesof,whatwehear.
Fourlevelsoflistening:
a.Appreciativelistening:
listeningforpleasureorenjoyment,aswhenwelistentomusic,toacomedyroutine,ortoanentertainingspeech.
b.Empathiclistening:
listeningtoprovideemotionalsupportforthespeaker,aswhenapsychiatristlistenstoapatientorwhenwelendasympatheticear