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中文2660字

本科毕业设计（论文）

外文翻译

原文：

AginginAsia—PerennialConcernsonSupportandCaringforthe

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Abstract

Thisintroductoryarticleprovidesbackgroundtoanunderstandingof―AginginAsia,‖focusingonthedemographicsofpopulationaginginAsia.ItdiscussesthedifferencesinthemagnitudeoftheagedpopulationindifferentpartsofAsiaandhighlightstheperennialconcernsofcareandsupportfacingtheagedandtheirfamiliesasAsiansocietiesgrapplewiththegrayingpopulation.GlobalizationisoneimportantfactorpresentingnewchallengesaswellasopportunitiestoagingAsia.KeywordsAsia.Aging.Globalization.Oldagesupport

EastandSoutheastAsiaAgingtheFastest

Inonlyone-quartercentury—from1970to1996—thepercentofthepopulationaged65andoverinJapanincreasedfromseventofourteenpercent.SimilarlyswiftincreasesareexpectedinChina,beginningaroundtheturnofthecentury,andelsewhereinEastandSoutheastAsiafueledbydramaticdropsinfertilitylevels...

Introduction

Asia,hometosomeofthemostpopulousnationsintheworld,hasagedrapidlyoverthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.BeginningwithJapan,themostdevelopedAsiannation,thegrayingofAsia’spopulationhasproceededapaceamongthelessdevelopedcountriesaswell,suchthatthelatterarelikelytooutstriptheformerinthespeedofpopulationaging.Thesedevelopmentshavetakenplacewithinaregionofgreatdiversity,notonlyintermsoftheirsocialandeconomicdevelopmentbutalsointermsoftheirculture,languageandreligion.Thus,whiletheEastAsiancountriessuchasJapan,China,andSouthKoreashareacommonConfucianheritage,theyarealsoatdifferingstagesofeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Ontheotherhand,whileSingaporeisphysicallylocatedinSoutheastAsia,themajorityofitspopulationisethnicChinese,andsoitiscommonlylocatedwithintheEastAsianculturalsphere.ItisalsothemostdevelopedoftheSoutheastAsiancountries,secondinAsiaonlytoJapanintermsofpercapitaincome.WithinSingapore,thereisasubstantialMalayminoritythatismoreakinculturallytotherestofSoutheastAsia.ThereisalsoanIndianethnicminority,whoaremigrantsanddescendantsofmigrantsfromSouthAsia.Otherethnicminorities,includingtribalcommunities,canbefoundinmostoftheotherAsiancountries.Whilenotallareagingatthesamerate（duetodifferencesinthelevelandtimingoftheirdemographictransitions）,theshifttowardseverolderpopulationsisquiteclear.

Regardlessofwheretheystandintermsoftheirculturalorsocioeconomicdevelopment,thepeoplesofEastandSoutheastAsiaarealsoeverywheresubjecttotheforcesofglobalizationandchange.Whileglobalizationisnotanewphenomenon,itacceleratedinthe1990swithrapiddevelopmentsininformationandcommunicationtechnology（ICT）.Inthisregard,notonlycanbasicmedicaltechnologybebroughttoeventhemostremotevillagestobringaboutswiftfertilityandmortalitydeclines,buttheICTrevolutionhasalsoshrunkthedistancebetweenculturesandsocieties,nottomentionintegratingtheireconomies.Changingvaluesregardingmarriage,familysizes,androlesandrelationshipswithinthefamilyaresomelikelyconsequencesofthisdevelopment.Greatermobilityandnewmodesofeconomicproductionunderthenewglobaldivisionoflaborrepresentotherfactorsthataffectthewayoflifeofindividuals,families,andcommunities.Whilesomemayreadilyembracethesenewrealities,othershavehadthesechangesimposedonthem.Theelderlyarenotexemptfromthesedevelopments.Globalizationpresentsnewchallengesfortheaged,theirfamilies,andcommunities,aswellasnewopportunities.

CaregiverissuesaremajorconcernsinAsiansocieties.Chronologicalagingbringscertainlifecyclechanges,someofwhicharephysicallyimposed,whileothersareculturallydefinedorsetbystatutes.Amongtheselifecyclechangesaredeclininghealthstatus,retirement,anddecliningrolesandstatusinfamilyandsociety.Thus,oldageoftenbringswithitdependencyanddisengagement,andeverywhere,includinginAsia,peopleandgovernmentsareconcernedabouttheprovisionofcareforthegrowingnumberandproportionoftheaged.Amajoremphasisinthefollowingpapersistheroleofthefamilyinthecareforelderly.Familymembershaveoftenbeenidentifiedasthecareprovidersofchoicebyindividualsandgovernments,butoneisforcedtoaskwhetherfamilycareisasustainableoptiongivenvariousdemandsonthefamilyanddecliningfamilysizesinAsia.Thefluidandcomplexnatureofintergenerationalrelationshipsdiversifiesfamilyrelationsandaffectsfamilysupportandcareofagedrelatives.

Giventhedevelopmentsinhealthcare,theelderlyarealsolikelytoliveanincreasingnumberofyearspost-retirementinarelativelyhealthystate.Theymayalsohavefewertraditionalrolessuchasgrandparenting,eitherbychoiceorbydefault.Thegrowingnumberofhealthyoldwillcontributetorisingdemandforleisureactivitiesandprogramstokeeptheirbodiesandmindsoccupied.

AsMasonhasnoted,theelderlyhavebeenthefastestgrowingdemographicgroupinAsia,and―thedevelopmentofinstitutionsandprogramsthatwillmeettheneedsoftheelderlyinasustainablewayrequirestime‖.Commentatorshavealsonotedthatwhereasthemoreadvancedcountriesweredevelopedbeforetheyaged,countriesinAsiaareagingbeforetheydevelop.Thus,questionshavebeenraisedastowhethertheywillbeabletoprovideforthegrowingelderlypopulation.Ontheotherhand,Asiahasalsobeencharacterizedasaregionwherecultureandtraditionpromotevenerationandstrongsupportfortheoldbyfamilyandcommunity.However,theinfluenceoftheseculturalpropsisalsobeingerodedbyinternalandexternalforces,suchasglobalization.

IssuesandChallenges

ItwouldbefairtosaythatfewoftheAsiancountrieshave,todate,developedthenecessaryinfrastructureandinstitutionstoprovidefortheirelderly.Infact,notallcountriesevenhaveaclearpolicyonaging.Whereformalsystemsexist,thecoveragemaybelimitedtoselectedgroupssuchascivilservants,workersofstateenterprises,andmembersofarmedforces.AsJacksonhasnoted,mostcountriesinAsiacontinuetorelyheavilyoninformalfamilynetworkstosupporttheelderly.Indeed,thefamilyisconsideredthe―expected‖andmostappropriateproviderofcare.However,manyquestionshavebeenraisedaboutthesustainabilityofthismodelofcareandvariousarticlesinthisvolume.InChina,forexample,thedeliberategovernmentpolicylimitingcouplestoonechild,particularlyintheurbanareas,iscausingitsleaderstoworrythatinthefuturemanychildrenwilleventuallyhavetosupporttwoagedparentsandfourgrandparents,orwhatiscommonlyknownasthe―1–2–4problem‖.Elsewhere,includingintraditionalConfucianistsocietiessuchasKoreaandTaiwan,moreelderlyarelivingontheirown.AccordingtoMason,―inKorea,only8%ofwomensurveyedin1997saidtheywantedtolivewiththeirchildreninoldage,while70%didnotwantto.InTaipei,China,theproportionof60-year-oldslivingwiththeiradultchildrenhasdeclinedsubstantiallyandtheelderlyaremuchslowerthantheyusedtobeinmovinginwiththeirchildrenastheyage.‖SurveysinKoreaandJapanshowanincreasingproportionofmiddle-agedwhodidnotexpectorevenwanttolivewiththeirchildren.Elderlywhoaresingle,whoformagrowingproportionofthepopulation,maynothaveanychildrenonwhomtodepend.

Globalizationislikelytohaveanimpactonthefamilyinanumberofways.Thenewglobaldivisionoflaborandeaseofmobilityincreasesthelikelihoodofyoungergenerationsmigratingelsewhereinsearchofbetterjobopportunities.Joblossesanduncertaintyassociatedwithshorter,sharperbusinesscyclesarelikelytoaffectfertilitydecisionsaswellasthewillingnessandabilityoftheyoungeradultgenerationtoprovidefortheold.InsomeAsiancountriesaswell,healthepidemicssuchasHIV/AIDShavetakentheirtollonthemiddlegeneration.

Opportunities

ItisnottheintentionheretobealarmistortopaintagloomanddoompictureofthefutureofAsia.Ashasbeennotedelsewhere,populationagingisafteralltheresultofhumandevelopmentandpublichealthsuccess.Indeed,therearemanytestamentstothesuccessfuldevelopmentoftheAsia-Pacificregion,asMasonhasnoted.Theseincludetherisingschoolenrollmentandliteracyamongbothmenandwomen,raisingtheproductivityofworkers.Thesehaveimportantimplicationsforthefuturewell-beingofAsia’selderly.Beingbettereducated,futureagedarelikelytohaveheldbetterpayingjobsandbebetterpreparedfinanciallyfortheirretirement.Theyarealsolikelytobefitter,havingbeenbeneficiariesofbettereducationandbetterhealthcare.Moreimportantly,theyarelikelytobebetterpositionedtotakeadvantageofthenewopportunitiesandnewmodesofworkofferedbyglobalizationandtheICTrevolution.Kumagai’sstudyofJapaneseelderlyintheinformationagesocietyproposesthattheinternetwillbeoneoftheessentialinfrastructurestohelpseniorsattainindependentlifestyles.Existinginstitutionssuchasmandatoryretirementwould,however,havetoberevisedintandem.

Newinstitutionalarrangementswouldalsohavetobedevelopedtocaterforthegrowingnumberofhealthyagedwhoislikelytolivelongerinretirement.TheICTrevolutioncouldalsobeexploitedtoassisttheelderlytoremainsociallyengaged.

Conclusion

Asiaisagingrapidly,andthisposeschallengesofprovidingforthegrowingnumberwh