级第三学期四级专项复习.docx

级第三学期四级专项复习.docx

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级第三学期四级专项复习

2010级第三学期四级专项复习

PartIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）

Passageone

UniversitiesBranchOut

   Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.

   Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:

seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcourseofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative（合作的）researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.

   Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.

   Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinthesummerinternships（实习）abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity—andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.

   Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.

   Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure（基础设施）andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:

SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.

Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.

   Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago,inthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandthebusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandreversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.

   MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:

first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesand—likeimmigrantsthroughouthistory—strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished（珍视）valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.

1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent-dayuniversitieshavebecome________.

A）morepopularizedthaneverbefore

B）in-servicetrainingorganizations

C）apowerfulforceforglobalintegration

D）moreandmoreresearch-oriented

2.Overthepastdecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased________.

A）atanannualrateof8percent      C）by800,000

B）atanannualrateof3.9percent    D）by2.5million

3.IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?

A）38%   B）10%   C）30%   D）20%

4.HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareers?

A）Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship.

B）TheyarrangeforthemtoparticipateintheErasmusprogram.

C）Theyofferthemvariouscoursesininternationalpolitics.

D）Theyorganizeaseriesofseminarsonworldeconomy.

5.Anexampleillustratingthegeneraltrendofuniversities’globalizationis________.

A）Yale’sestablishingbranchcampusesthroughouttheworld

B）Yale’sstudentexchangeprogramwithEuropeaninstitutions

C）Yale’shelpingChineseuniversitiestolaunchresearchprojects

D）Yale’scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearch.

6.WhatdowelearnaboutSiliconValleyfromthepassage?

A）ItisknowntobethebirthplaceofMicrosoftCompany.

B）ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity.

C）ItiswheretheInternetinfrastructurewasbuiltup.

D）IthousesmanycompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.

7.WhatissaidabouttheU.S.federalfundingforresearch?

A）Ithasincreasedby3percent.

B）Itdoubledbetween1998and2003.

C）Ithasbeenunsteadyforyears.

D）Ithasbeenmorethansufficient.

8.ThedramaticdeclineintheenrollmentofforeignstudentsintheU.S.afterSeptember11wascausedby______________________________________________________________.

9.ManyAmericansfearthatAmericancompetitivenessmaybethreatenedbyforeignstudentswhowill______________________________________________________________.

10.ThepolicyofwelcomingforeignstudentscanbenefittheU.S.inthattheverybestofthemwillstayand______________________________________________________________.

PassageTwo

HowInfectiousDiseasesWork

　　Thehumanbodyisbothsurroundedandinhabitedbybillionsofmicroorganisms.Mostmicroorganismsareharmlessorevenbeneficial;forexample,bacteriathatnormallyliveinthedigestivesystemhelpdigestfood.Occasionally,however,amicroorganismcapableofcausingadiseaseinvadesthebody.Diseasescausedbysuchmicroorganismsarecalledinfectiousdiseases.

　　Infectiousdiseasesarecontagious;thatis,theycanbepassedfromonepersontoanother.Theycanbetransmittedbyskincontact,throughbodyfluids,incontaminatedfoodordrink,orviaairborneparticlescontainingthemicroorganisms,althoughthepathwaysandeaseoftransmissionvarybydisease.

　　Animalorinsectbitesareanothermeansoftransmission.Thetwomostcommontypesofinfectiousdiseasesarebacterialinfectionsandviralinfections.

　　Disease-causing,orpathogenic,bacteriaeitherattackthebody’stissuesdirectlyorcausedamagebysecretingpoisonoussubstancescalledtoxins.Fortunately