级第三学期四级专项复习.docx
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级第三学期四级专项复习
2010级第三学期四级专项复习
PartIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Passageone
UniversitiesBranchOut
Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.
Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:
seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcourseofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.
Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.
Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinthesummerinternships(实习)abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity—andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.
Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.
Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure(基础设施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:
SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.
Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.
Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago,inthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandthebusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandreversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.
MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:
first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesand—likeimmigrantsthroughouthistory—strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍视)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.
1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent-dayuniversitieshavebecome________.
A)morepopularizedthaneverbefore
B)in-servicetrainingorganizations
C)apowerfulforceforglobalintegration
D)moreandmoreresearch-oriented
2.Overthepastdecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased________.
A)atanannualrateof8percent C)by800,000
B)atanannualrateof3.9percent D)by2.5million
3.IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?
A)38% B)10% C)30% D)20%
4.HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareers?
A)Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship.
B)TheyarrangeforthemtoparticipateintheErasmusprogram.
C)Theyofferthemvariouscoursesininternationalpolitics.
D)Theyorganizeaseriesofseminarsonworldeconomy.
5.Anexampleillustratingthegeneraltrendofuniversities’globalizationis________.
A)Yale’sestablishingbranchcampusesthroughouttheworld
B)Yale’sstudentexchangeprogramwithEuropeaninstitutions
C)Yale’shelpingChineseuniversitiestolaunchresearchprojects
D)Yale’scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearch.
6.WhatdowelearnaboutSiliconValleyfromthepassage?
A)ItisknowntobethebirthplaceofMicrosoftCompany.
B)ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity.
C)ItiswheretheInternetinfrastructurewasbuiltup.
D)IthousesmanycompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.
7.WhatissaidabouttheU.S.federalfundingforresearch?
A)Ithasincreasedby3percent.
B)Itdoubledbetween1998and2003.
C)Ithasbeenunsteadyforyears.
D)Ithasbeenmorethansufficient.
8.ThedramaticdeclineintheenrollmentofforeignstudentsintheU.S.afterSeptember11wascausedby______________________________________________________________.
9.ManyAmericansfearthatAmericancompetitivenessmaybethreatenedbyforeignstudentswhowill______________________________________________________________.
10.ThepolicyofwelcomingforeignstudentscanbenefittheU.S.inthattheverybestofthemwillstayand______________________________________________________________.
PassageTwo
HowInfectiousDiseasesWork
Thehumanbodyisbothsurroundedandinhabitedbybillionsofmicroorganisms.Mostmicroorganismsareharmlessorevenbeneficial;forexample,bacteriathatnormallyliveinthedigestivesystemhelpdigestfood.Occasionally,however,amicroorganismcapableofcausingadiseaseinvadesthebody.Diseasescausedbysuchmicroorganismsarecalledinfectiousdiseases.
Infectiousdiseasesarecontagious;thatis,theycanbepassedfromonepersontoanother.Theycanbetransmittedbyskincontact,throughbodyfluids,incontaminatedfoodordrink,orviaairborneparticlescontainingthemicroorganisms,althoughthepathwaysandeaseoftransmissionvarybydisease.
Animalorinsectbitesareanothermeansoftransmission.Thetwomostcommontypesofinfectiousdiseasesarebacterialinfectionsandviralinfections.
Disease-causing,orpathogenic,bacteriaeitherattackthebody’stissuesdirectlyorcausedamagebysecretingpoisonoussubstancescalledtoxins.Fortunately