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语言学复习资料精编doc
Chapter1Introduction
.lDefinitionoflinguistics
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
1)Scopeoflinguistics
ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGeneralLinguistics.
1.13Somedistinctionsinlinguistics
1.1.2Prescriptive说明性vs.Descriptive描述性
Descriptive——describe/analyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
Prescriptive——laydownrulesfor"correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage・
1.1.3Synchronic共时的vs.diachronic历时的
Synchronicstudy■一descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy™descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)
Synchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.
1.1.4Speechandwriting
Speech——Primarymediumoflanguage
Writing——Laterdeveloped
Speechispriortowriting[5reasons]
1.1.5.Langueandparole(F.deSaussure:
1857-1913)
Languetheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity
Parole——therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
Langueisabstract.Paroleisconcrete・
Langueisstable.Parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
1.1.6.Competence语言能力andperformance语言运用(Chomsky)
Competencetheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
Performance—theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
Q:
SimilarityanddifferencebetweenSaussure'sdistinctionandthatofChomsky
Similarity:
bothmakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage・
Difference:
Chomsky'scompetence-performanceisfrompsychologicalpointofview・
Saussure"slangue-paroleisfromsociologicalpointofview.
1.1.7Traditionalgrammarandmodemlinguistics
Q:
Whatarethedifferencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics?
Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive・
Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.
ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework・
1.1Definitionsoflanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage
^Arbitrariness:
Generallythereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds・ThedogbarkswowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.
Ps:
languageisnotarbitraryatcompoundingwordsandatthesyntacticlevel.
Duality:
Ordouble-structured.Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels-Lowerlevel:
soundswhicharemeaningless.Higherlevel:
unitsofmeaningbygroupingorregroupingsounds・Unitsofmeaningcanbearrangedintoinfinitenumberofsentences・
Creativity(productivity):
languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers・Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.
Displacement:
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
Culturaltransmission:
Languageisculturallytransmittednotgeneticallytransmitted.Alanguageistaughtandlearnedwithinaparticularculturalbackground・
1.3Functionsoflanguage
Chapter2Phonetics&PhonologyTheStudyofSounds
Phonology
5.3.2Phonologyandphonetics
Thedifferencebetweenphonetics&phonology:
Phonetics:
Studysoundsinisolation;onebyone,phoneticfeatures;languageuniversalPhonology:
Studysoundspatternstoconveymeaning;languagespecific
2・3・2Phone,Phonemeandallophone
Phone:
1)aphoneticunit
2)notnecessarilydistinctiveofmeaning
3)physicalasperceived
4)markedwith[]
Phoneme:
1)aphonologicalunit
2)distinctiveofmeaning
3)abstract,notphysical
4)markedwith//
Student
Phones:
[t][th]
Phoneme:
/t/
Allophone:
[t][th]
23.4.Somerulesinphonology
Sequentialrules序列规则/k//b//l//i/四个phoneme造词,bilk(right),ibki(false)
Assimilationrule同化原则
Deletionrule省略规贝UE.g.Signdesign,deletea/g/whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasal
consonant.
2.3.5.Suprasegmentalfeaturesstress,tone,intonation
Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.
Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesare:
Stress
Tone声调
Intonation语调
Chapter3Morphology…Thestudyofwordstructure
Morphology:
Morphologyreferstothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.
3.2Openclassandclosedclass
Openclass:
nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbstowhichnewwordscanbeadded.―(contentwords)e.g:
beatnik
Closedclass:
conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounstowhichnewwordsarenotusuallyadded・---(functionalwords)e.g:
and,it,to,the,etc.
3>3Morphemestheminimalunitsofmeaning(考)
2).Morpheme词素
Moiph