商槪商学精要期末重点整理版.docx

商槪商学精要期末重点整理版.docx

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商槪商学精要期末重点整理版

商槪（商学精要）期末重点整理版

Chapter1

1.Definebusinessandprofits

Business-----Anorganizationthatprovidesgoodsandservicestoearnprofits

Profits:

Thepositivedifferencebetweenrevenuesandexpenses

Ürewardsforbusinesspeoplewhotaketherisks

2.Distinguishbetweenbusinessandnot-for-profitorganizations

•Businessconsistsofallprofit-seekingactivitiesandenterprisesthatprovidegoodsandservicesnecessarytoaneconomicsystem.['entəpraɪz]事业，项目

Not-for-profitorganizationsarebusinesslikeestablishments（机构;团体;企业）thathaveprimaryobjectivesotherthanreturningprofitstotheirowners.Itoperatesinbothpublicserviceandprivatesector（部门，行业，领域）.

3.Identifythefactorsofproduction.

Labor,capital,entrepreneurs（[ˌɒntrəprə'nɜ:

（r）]企业家）,physicalresources,informationresources.

4.Globaleconomicsystems

Plannedeconomy,marketeconomyandmixedeconomies

•PlannedEconomy:

ØAneconomicsysteminwhichthegovernmentownsandoperatesallsourcesofproduction

•

•factorsofproduction（Centralroleindeterminingtheoverallsupplyofgoodsandservicesisplayedbyfactorsofproduction.）

•Otherfactorsliketaxesandthenumberofsupplierswillalsoinfluencethesupply.

5.Describeeachofthefourdifferenttypesofmarketstructuresinaprivateenterprisesystem.

Purecompetition，monopolistic[məˌnɔpəˈlistik]competition（垄断性竞争），oligopoly（[ˌɒlɪ'gɒpəlɪ]寡头,求过于供的市场情况）andmonopoly（[mə'nɒpəlɪ]垄断）

Purecompetitionexistswhenallfirmsinanindustryaresmallandthenumberoffirmsislarge.Pricesaredeterminedbymarketforcesassupplyanddemand.

Inmonopolisticcompetition,manysellerstrytomaketheirproductsatleaseseemtobedifferentfromthoseofcompetitors.Productdifferentiationgivessellerssomecontroloverprices.

Whenanindustryhasonlyahandfulofsellers,anoligopolyexists.Theentryofnewcompetitorsishard.Andthepricesofcomparableproductsareusuallysimilar.

Amonopolyexistswhenanindustryormarkethasonlyoneproducer.Asolesupplierenjoysnearlycompletecontroloverthepricesofitsproducts.

6.Identifyanddescribethefourstagesofthebusinesscycle.

Prosperity,繁荣；recession衰退；depression萧条；recovery复苏

[prɒ'sperətɪ][rɪˈseʃn][dɪ'preʃn]

7.Explainhowproductivity,price-levelchanges,andemploymentlevelsaffectthestabilityofanation’seconomy.

8.Discusshowmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicyareusedtomanageaneconomy’sperformance.

MonetaryPolicy货币政策

governmentactionstoincreaseordecreasethemoneysupplyandchangebankingrequirementsandinterestratestoinfluencebanker’swillingnesstomakeloans.

FiscalPolicy财政政策

Governmentinfluenceseconomybyspendingandtaxationdecisions.Governmentusesfiscalpolicytocontrolinflations（[ɪn'fleɪʃn]通货膨胀）,reduceunemployment,improvethegeneralwelfareofcitizens,andencourageeconomicgrowth.

Chapter2

1.Explaintheconceptsofbusinessethicsandsocialresponsibility.

Businessethicsarestandardsofbusinessconductandmoralvaluesbyemployeesonthejob

Socialresponsibilityreferstotheoverallwayinwhichabusinessattemptstobalanceitscommitmentstorelevantgroupsandindividualsinitssocialenvironments.

2.Describethefactorsthatinfluencebusinessethics,atindividual,organizational,legal,societallevels

Individual:

values,workbackground,familystatus,personality

Organizational:

TopLevelMgmt.Philosophy,theFirm’sRewardSystem,JobDimensions

Environmental:

Competition,economicconditions,social/culturalinstitutions

3.Listthestagesinthedevelopmentofethicalstandards.

Stage1:

Preconventional

Individualismainlylookingoutforhisorherinterest.Rulesarefollowedonlyoutoffearofpunishmentorhopeofreward.

Stage2:

Conventional

Individualconsiderstheinterestsandexpectationsofothersinmakingdecisions.Rulesarerulesarefollowedbecauseitisapartofbelongtothegroups.

Stage3:

postconventional

Individualfollowspersonalprinciplesforresolvingethicaldilemmas.Heorsheconsiderspersonal,groupandsocialinterests.

4.Identifycommonethicaldilemmasintheworkplace.

Conflictofinterest,honestyandintegrity（正直）,loyaltyVStruth,whistle-blowing（揭发）.

5.Discusshoworganizationsshapeethicalbehavior.

6.Summarizetheresponsibilitiesofbusinesstothegeneralpublic,customers,employeesandinvestors.

ResponsibilitiestotheGeneralPublic

a）PublicHealthIssues

b）ProtectingtheEnvironment

Greenwashing:

Usingadvertisingtoprojectagreenimagewithoutsubstantiallyalteringprocessesorproducts

Recycling—reprocessingofusedmaterialsforreuse

c）DevelopingtheQualityoftheWorkforce

d）CorporatePhilanthropy（[fɪ'lænθrəpɪ]慈善事业）

ResponsibilityTowardCustomers

ConsumerRights,UnfairPricing,EthicsinAdvertising

ResponsibilityTowardEmployees

Workplac