商槪商学精要期末重点整理版.docx

1、商槪商学精要期末重点整理版商槪(商学精要)期末重点整理版Chapter 11.Define business and profitsBusiness- An organization that provides goods and services to earn profits Profits: The positive difference between revenues and expensesrewards for businesspeople who take the risks2. Distinguish between business and not-for-profit o

2、rganizationsBusiness consists of all profit-seeking activities and enterprises that provide goods and services necessary to an economic system. entpraz 事业，项目 Not-for-profit organizations are business like establishments (机构;团体;企业) that have primary objectives other than returning profits to their ow

3、ners. It operates in both public service and private sector (部门，行业，领域).3. Identify the factors of production. Labor, capital, entrepreneurs (ntrprn:(r) 企业家), physical resources, information resources. 4. Global economic systemsPlanned economy, market economy and mixed economiesPlanned Economy: An ec

4、onomic system in which the government owns and operates all sources of productionfactors of production (Central role in determining the overall supply of goods and services is played by factors of production.)Other factors like taxes and the number of suppliers will also influence the supply.5.Descr

5、ibe each of the four different types of market structures in a private enterprise system.Pure competition，monopolistic mnplistik competition(垄断性竞争)，oligopoly( lgpl 寡头, 求过于供的市场情况) and monopoly ( mnpl 垄断)Pure competition exists when all firms in an industry are small and the number of firms is large.

6、Prices are determined by market forces as supply and demand.In monopolistic competition, many sellers try to make their products at lease seem to be different from those of competitors. Product differentiation gives sellers some control over prices.When an industry has only a handful of sellers, an

7、oligopoly exists. The entry of new competitors is hard. And the prices of comparable products are usually similar.A monopoly exists when an industry or market has only one producer. A sole supplier enjoys nearly complete control over the prices of its products. 6.Identify and describe the four stage

8、s of the business cycle. Prosperity, 繁荣； recession 衰退； depression 萧条； recovery 复苏prspert rsen dpren7.Explain how productivity, price-level changes, and employment levels affect the stability of a nations economy.8.Discuss how monetary policy and fiscal policy are used to manage an economys performan

9、ce. Monetary Policy 货币政策government actions to increase or decrease the money supply and change banking requirements and interest rates to influence bankers willingness to make loans.Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government influences economy by spending and taxation decisions. Government uses fiscal policy to c

10、ontrol inflations (nflen 通货膨胀), reduce unemployment, improve the general welfare of citizens, and encourage economic growth. Chapter 21. Explain the concepts of business ethics and social responsibility.Business ethics are standards of business conduct and moral values by employees on the jobSocial

11、responsibility refers to the overall way in which a business attempts to balance its commitments to relevant groups and individuals in its social environments. 2.Describe the factors that influence business ethics, at individual, organizational, legal, societal levelsIndividual: values, work backgro

12、und, family status, personalityOrganizational: Top Level Mgmt. Philosophy, the Firms Reward System, Job DimensionsEnvironmental: Competition, economic conditions, social/cultural institutions3. List the stages in the development of ethical standards. Stage 1: Preconventional Individual is mainly loo

13、king out for his or her interest. Rules are followed only out of fear of punishment or hope of reward. Stage 2: Conventional Individual considers the interests and expectations of others in making decisions. Rules are rules are followed because it is a part of belong to the groups.Stage 3: postconve

14、ntional Individual follows personal principles for resolving ethical dilemmas. He or she considers personal, group and social interests.4.Identify common ethical dilemmas in the workplace.Conflict of interest, honesty and integrity(正直), loyalty VS truth, whistle-blowing(揭发).5.Discuss how organizatio

15、ns shape ethical behavior.6.Summarize the responsibilities of business to the general public, customers, employees and investors.Responsibilities to the General Publica)Public Health Issuesb)Protecting the Environment Green washing: Using advertising to project a green image without substantially altering processes or products Recyclingreprocessing of used materials for reuse c) Developing the Quality of the Workforce d) Corporate Philanthropy (flnrp 慈善事业)Responsibility Toward Customers Consumer Rights, Unfair Pricing, Ethics in AdvertisingResponsibility Toward EmployeesWorkplac