12大学英语四级阅读备测试题.docx

12大学英语四级阅读备测试题.docx

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12大学英语四级阅读备测试题

2012.12大学英语四级阅读备测试题

这篇关于2012.12大学英语四级阅读备考试题，是笔者特地为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助！

PassageOneLongafterthe1998WorldCupwaswon,disappointedfanswerestillcursingthedisputedrefereeing（裁判）decisionsthatdeniedvictorytotheirteam.Aresearcherwasappointedtostudytheperformanceofsometopreferees.Theresearcherorganizedanexperimentaltournament（锦标赛）involvingfouryouthteams.Eachmatchlastedanhour,dividedintothreeperiodsof20minutesduringwhichdifferentrefereeswereincharge.Observersnoteddownthereferees‘errors,ofwhichtherewere61overthetournament.Convertedtoastandardmatchof90minutes,eachrefereemadealmost23mistakes,aremarkablyhighnumber.Theresearcherthenstudiedthevideotapestoanalysethematchesindetail.Surprisingly,hefoundthaterrorsweremorelikelywhentherefereeswereclosetotheincident.Whentheofficialsgotitright,theywere,onaverage,17metersawayfromtheaction.Theaveragedistanceinthecaseoferrorswas12meters.Theresearchshowstheoptimum（的）distanceisabout20meters.Therealsoseemedtobeanoptimumspeed.Correctdecisionscamewhentherefereesweremovingataspeedofabout2meterspersecond.Theaveragespeedforerrorswas4meterspersecond.IfFIFA,football‘sinternationalrulingbody,wantstoimprovethestandardofrefereeingatthenextWorldCup,itshouldencouragerefereestokeeptheireyesontheactionfromadistance,ratherthanrushingtokeepupwiththeball,theresearcherargues.HealsosaysthatFIFA‘sinsistencethatrefereesshouldretireatage45maybemisguided.Ifkeepingupwiththeactionisnotsoimportant,theirphysicalconditionislesscritical.21.Theexperimentconductedbytheresearcherwasmeantto________.A）reviewthedecisionsofrefereesatthe1998WorldCupB）analysethecausesoferrorsmadebyfootballrefereesC）setastandardforfootballrefereeingD）reexaminetherulesforfootballrefereeing22.Thenumberofrefereeingerrorsintheexperimentalmatcheswas________.A）slightlyaboveaverageB）higherthaninthe1998WorldCupC）quiteunexpectedD）ashighasinastandardmatch23.Thefindingsoftheexperimentshowthat________.A）errorsaremorelikelywhenarefereekeepsclosetotheballB）thefarthertherefereeisfromtheincident,thefewertheerrorsC）themoreslowlytherefereeruns,themorelikelywillerrorsoccurD）errorsarelesslikelywhenarefereestaysinonespot24.Theword“officials”（Line2,Para.4）mostprobablyrefersto________.A）theresearchersinvolvedintheexperimentB）theinspectorsofthefootballtournamentC）therefereesofthefootballtournamentD）theobserversatthesiteoftheexperiment25.Whatisoneofthepossibleconclusionsoftheexperiment?

A）Theidealretirementageforanexperiencedfootballrefereeis45B）Ageshouldnotbethechiefconsiderationinchoosingafootballreferee.C）Afootballrefereeshouldbeasyoungandenergeticaspossible.D）Anexperiencedfootballrefereecandowellevenwheninpoorphysicalcondition.PassageTwoWhilestillinitsearlystages,welfarereformhasalreadybeenjudgedagreatsuccessinmanystates—atleastingettingpeopleoffwelfare.It‘sestimatedthatmorethan2millionpeoplehavelefttherollssince1994.Inthepastfouryears,welfarerollsinAthensCountryhavebeencutinhalf.But70percentofthepeoplewholeftinthepasttowyearstookjobsthatpaidlessthan$6anhour.Theresult:

TheAthensCountypovertyratestillremainsatmorethan30percent—twicethenationalaverage.Foradvocates（代言人）forthepoor,that‘sanindicationmuchmoreneedstobedone.“Morepeoplearegettingjobs,butit‘snotmakingtheirlivesanybetter,”saysKathyLairn,apolicyanalystattheCenteronBudgetandPolicyPrioritiesinWashington.AcenteranalysisofUSCensusdatanationwidefoundthatbetween1995and1996,agreaterpercentageofsingle,female-headedhouseholdswereearningmoneyontheirown,butthataverageincomeforthesehouseholdsactuallywentdown.Butformany,thefactthatpoorpeopleareabletosupportthemselvesalmostaswellwithoutgovernmentaidastheydidwithitisinitselfahugevictory.“Welfarewasapoison.Itwasatoxin（毒素）thatwaspoisoningthefamily,”saysRobertRector,awelfare-reformpolicyanalyst.“Thereforminchangingthemoralclimateinlow-incomecommunities.It‘sbeginningtorebuildtheworkethic（道德观）,whichismuchmoreimportant.”Mr.Rectorandothersarguedthatonce“thehabitofdependencyiscracked,”thenthecountrycanmakeotherpolicychangesaimedatimprovinglivingstandards.26.Fromthepassage,itcanbeseenthattheauthor________.A）believesthereformhasreducedthegovernment‘sburdenB）insiststhatwelfarereformisdoinglittlegoodforthepoorC）isoverenthusiasticaboutthesuccessofwelfarereformD）considerswelfarereformtobefundamentallysuccessful27.Whyaren‘tpeopleenjoyingbetterliveswhentheyhavejobs?

A）Becausemanyfamiliesaredivorced.B）Becausegovernmentaidisnowrare.C）Becausetheirwagesarelow.D）Becausethecostoflivingisrising.28.WhatisworthnotingfromtheexampleofAthensCountyisthat________.A）greatereffortsshouldbemadetoimprovepeople‘slivingstandardsB）70percentofthepeopletherehavebeenemployedfortwoyearsC）50percentofthepopulationnolongerreliesonwelfareD）thelivingstandardsofmostpeoplearegoingdown29.Fromthepassageweknowthatwelfarereformaimsat________.A）savingwelfarefundsB）rebuildingtheworkethicC）providingmorejobsD）cuttinggovernmentexpenses30.Accordingtothepassagebeforethewelfarereformwascarriedout,________.A）thepovertyratewasloverB）averagelivingstandardswerehigherC）theaverageworkerwaspaidhigherwagesD）thepoorusedtorelyongovernmentaidPassageThreeAmericansarepoundoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?

Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian（百姓的）clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionrepairmanwhowearsuniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentity（身份）thantostepoutofuniform?

Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible（可减税的）.Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.31.ItissurprisingthatAmericanswhoworshipvarietyandindividuality________.A）stilljudgeamanbyhisclothesB）holdtheuniforminsuchhighregardC）enjoyhavingaprofessionalidentityD）willrespectanelevatoroperatorasmuchasageneralinuniform32.Peopleareaccustomedtothinkthatamaninuniform________.A）suggestsqualityworkB）discardshissocialidentityC）appearstobemorepracticalD）lookssuperiortoapersonincivilianclothes33.Thechieffunctionofauniformisto________.A）providepracticalbenefitstothewearerB）makethewearercatchthepubiceyeC）inspirethewearer‘sconfidenceinhimselfD）providethewearerwithaprofessionalidentity34.Accordingtothepassage,peoplewearinguniforms________.A）areusuallyhelpfulB）havelittleornoindividualfreedomC）tendtolosetheirindividualityD）enjoygreaterpopularity35.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.A）UniformsandSocietyB）TheImportanceofWearingaUniformC）PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniformD）AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniformsPassageFourSincewearesocialbeings,thequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles（困难）.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnesses,fromdepressiontoheartdisease,revealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoff（挡开）illness,andtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.First,friends,relatives,andco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Second,otherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Third,wetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustom