构词法.docx

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构词法.docx

构词法

WordFormation

TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword-formation.

Affixation(词缀法)30%-40%Compounding(复合法、合成法)28%-30%

Conversion(转类法)26%(v.converse)

Shortening/Clipping(缩略法)8%-10%

Blending(拼缀法)1%-5%

Acronym(首字母拼音法)

I.Affixation:

theformationofwordsbyaddingaffixestothebases(stems/roots).

Prefixes(前缀):

donotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebasesbutonlymodifyitsmeaning.

不改变词性,改变词义

Suffixes(后缀):

changethewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning.

改变词性,不(或略微)改变词义

1.Prefixes

(1)Negativeprefixes:

否定前缀

dis-disallow,disunite,disinterested,disobey,

de-destruct,decrease,destroy,devastate

in(ir,im,il)-illiterate,illegal,immature,inaudible,injustice,irresponsible

non-nonhuman,nonsmoking,non-violence

un-unimportant,unknown,unwilling,

a-atypical,(试比较:

awake,asleep,a-)

(2)Pejorativeprefixes:

贬义前缀

mis---mislead,mistrust,misunderstand

mal---maltreat,malformed(畸形的),malpractice(渎职,不法行为)

pseudo---pseudocide(假自杀),pseudocode(伪代码),pseudonym(假名,尤指笔名),

pseudograph(伪书,pseudo-+-graph:

somethingwrittenordrawn)

ab-abnormal,abuse,

(3)PrefixesofDegreeorSize:

表示程度大小的前缀

co---co-star,co-author,cohabit,co-worker

extra---extra-large,extra-strong,extra-bright

macro---macrostructure,macroeconomics,

micro---microsurgery,microfilm,microwave,microcomputer

mini---minibus,minicamera,mini-market,

over---overexcited,overweight,over-anxious,overestimate

out---outweigh,(比…重)outdo(超过,胜过),outgrow,

under---under-age(未成年的),underdo(不尽力做),undermanned(人员不足的)

ultra---ultraclean,ultracritical(吹毛求疵的),ultraism(激进论),ultraleft,ultrasonic

super---supersonic,superior,superstition,

(4)PrefixesofOrientation&Attitude表示方向态度的前缀

anti---anti-aging,anti-nuclear,anti-climax(渐降法,虎头蛇尾),anti-government

counter---counter-accuse,counterclockwise,counterattack,

pro---pro-American(亲美的),proslaveryprogress,

1.表示“代,副”,如:

pronoun,

2.表示“亲,赞成,偏袒”,如:

pro-American

3.表示“出,向前,在前”,如:

produce,propel,profane(fane,n.(诗)神殿)

4.表示“按,照”,如:

proportion

5.表示“公开”,如:

proclaim

6.表示“(位置、时间)前,先”,如:

prologue(前言,序言)

(5)Locativeprefixes:

表示位置的前缀

extra---extramarital(婚外的),extraterrestrial(外星人,地球外的)

inter---interbreeding(杂交繁殖,异血缘交配),interpersonal,interstate(highway)

super---superstructure(上层建筑),superscript(上标,标在右上角的)

tele---telescope,telecommunication,telegram,

trans---translate,transform,transplant,transatlantic

(6)PrefixofTimeandOrder:

表示时间顺序的前缀

ex---ex-lover,ex-husband,ex-president

fore---foresee,forethought,foreknowledge,forefathers

post---post-war,post-independence,post-graduate

pre---preschool,precollege,precondition,predate(v.居先)

re---

(7)Numberprefixes:

表示数目的前缀

semi---demi---hemi---:

semi-naked,semi-automatic,hemisphere,demi-wolf(狼狗)

uni---mono---:

uniform,unicolor(单色的),unicorn(独角兽),monoculture,monologue(长篇独白)

bi---di---:

bicycle,bilingual,bilateral,bimonthly,diameter,dialogue

tri---triangle,tricolor,trilogy(三部曲)

multi---poly---:

multi-purpose,multimedia,polysyllabic,polyatomic

centi---(一百,百分之一的)centigrade,centimeter,centiliter(厘升)

milli---milliliter,milligram

kilo-

2.Suffixes后缀

(1)Nounsuffix名词后缀

--eer,---er/---ee,----or,---ist,---ess,---let,---age,---dom,---hood,---ism,---ship,---ment,---ity,---ness,---ation,---ese,

(2)Adjectivesuffixes形容词后缀

---ful,---ish,---like,---less,---y,---al,---ic,---ous,---ative

(3)Adverbsuffixes副词后缀

---wards,---wise,---ly

(4)Verbsuffixes动词后缀

---ate,---en,---ize,---ify

II.Compounding:

theformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.

-----Solid:

silkworm,lazybones

-----Hyphenated:

honey-bee

-----Open:

teargas

1.Nouncompound

n+n:

moonwalk,endproduct,match-maker,safety-belt,daydream,lighthouse,airspace

n+v:

toothache,handshake,daybreak

v+n:

telltale(打小报告/搬弄是非的人),crybaby,push-button,watchdog

a+n:

deadline,blueprint

n+v-ing:

brainwashing,air-conditioning,sunbathing,housekeeping,sleep-walking

v-ing+n:

hidingplace,sewingmachine,dancinggirl,laughingstock(笑柄),walkingdictionary(活字典),writingdesk,chewinggum,investigatingcommittee,walkingstick

v+adv:

sit-in(静坐罢工),have-not(穷人,穷国家),breakthrough,

2.Adjectivecompound

n+v-ing:

record-breaking,brainwashing

n+v-ed:

weather-bitten(风吹日晒的),panic-stricken(惊慌失措的)

a+v-ing:

easy-going,high-sounding(夸夸其谈的),good-looking,

n+a:

snow-white,tax-free

a+a:

deaf-mute,bitter-sweet,

n(a)+n-ed:

short-sighted,lion-hearted,

num+n:

four-leg

num+n-ed:

one-eyed,two-legged

adv+v-ing:

outgoing,everlasting,far-reaching

3.Verbcompound

(1)Throughconversion

Nickname------tonicknamehoneymoon-------tohoneymoonmoonlight------tomoonlight

(2)Throughbackformation

Lip-reading-----tolip-read

Chain-smoker------tochain-smoke

Massproduction-----tomass-produceSight-seeing------tosight-see

4.longcompounds

take-home-pay(实得工资)

apain-in-stomachgesture(胃痛,肚子疼的手势)

do-it-yourself(DIY)

atoo-eager-not-to-losechampion

round-the-clockdiscussion(不停的,全天候的)

III.Conversion:

theformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanother.

n---v,n---adj,v---adj

Eg:

ten-year-old,newborns,

Advice---advise,record---record

Eg:

IeatwhatIcan,IcanwhatIcan’t.

Thisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.

Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.

Thephotographyellowedwithage.

I’moneofhisfamiliars.

Hewolfeddownhislunch.

Rubberglovesareamustifyouskinissensitivetowashingpowder.

IV.Blending:

theformationofwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.

hifi(high+fidelity)

Chocoholic(chocolate+alcoholic);workaholic

Eurasia(Europe+Asia)

comsat(communication+satellite)

Brunch(breakfast+lunch)bikethon(bike+marathon)

Talkathon(talk+marathon)

Eggwich(egg+sandwich)

motel(motor+hotel);airtel(airpot+hotel)

lottizen(lottery+citizen)

netizen(net+citizen)

sit-com(situation+comedy)

medicare,docudrama(纪录片)

V.Clipping:

theformationofwordsbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.

quake(earthquake)copter(helicopter)disco(discotheque)gent(gentleman)

flu(influenza)fridge(refrigerator)

jams(pajamas)pop(popularmusic)

pub(publichouse)perm(permanentwave)gym(gymnasia)

ad,dorm,lab,gas,plane,phone,Prof.,coke,vegan

VI.Acronym:

theprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersoftechnicalterms.

VOAP.C.(postcard)ID(identitycard)

UFO(unknownflyingobject)

PK(playkilling,PlayerKill单挑;

PrivateKey内线电键,专用电键)

M.A.(MasterofArts)

B.M.E.(BachelorofMechanicalEngineering)

VIPWHOKgASAPFBI

N-bomb:

nuclearbomb

G-man:

governmentman

V-day:

victoryday

TOEFL:

TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage

VII.CommunizationofProperNames:

namesofpeople,places,booksortrademarks.

Eg:

1.Howcansuchadisgustingyahooreallyhavecharmandstyle?

(雅虎,《格列佛游记》的人形兽)人面兽心的人,野蛮[邪恶]人,粗人,乡下人)

2.TheChristianheavencanbeseenasasortofspiritualUtopia.(ThomasMore)

3.Simplybecauseablackpersonispolitetowhitepeopledoesn’tmakehimorherguiltyofUncleTomism.(美国口语,汤姆叔叔,指逆来顺受的黑人)

4.Sincethen,hehasbecomeherManFriday.(得力助手)

5.JohnfeltproudwhenheputhisJohnHancockonhisveryfirstdriver’slicense.(亲笔签名)

6.ThejokeyoutoldisasoldasAdam,butIstillthinkit’sfunny.

7.Pleasexeroxthisletterforme.(hoover,kleenex,google…)

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