构词法.docx
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构词法
WordFormation
TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword-formation.
Affixation(词缀法)30%-40%Compounding(复合法、合成法)28%-30%
Conversion(转类法)26%(v.converse)
Shortening/Clipping(缩略法)8%-10%
Blending(拼缀法)1%-5%
Acronym(首字母拼音法)
I.Affixation:
theformationofwordsbyaddingaffixestothebases(stems/roots).
Prefixes(前缀):
donotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebasesbutonlymodifyitsmeaning.
不改变词性,改变词义
Suffixes(后缀):
changethewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning.
改变词性,不(或略微)改变词义
1.Prefixes
(1)Negativeprefixes:
否定前缀
dis-disallow,disunite,disinterested,disobey,
de-destruct,decrease,destroy,devastate
in(ir,im,il)-illiterate,illegal,immature,inaudible,injustice,irresponsible
non-nonhuman,nonsmoking,non-violence
un-unimportant,unknown,unwilling,
a-atypical,(试比较:
awake,asleep,a-)
(2)Pejorativeprefixes:
贬义前缀
mis---mislead,mistrust,misunderstand
mal---maltreat,malformed(畸形的),malpractice(渎职,不法行为)
pseudo---pseudocide(假自杀),pseudocode(伪代码),pseudonym(假名,尤指笔名),
pseudograph(伪书,pseudo-+-graph:
somethingwrittenordrawn)
ab-abnormal,abuse,
(3)PrefixesofDegreeorSize:
表示程度大小的前缀
co---co-star,co-author,cohabit,co-worker
extra---extra-large,extra-strong,extra-bright
macro---macrostructure,macroeconomics,
micro---microsurgery,microfilm,microwave,microcomputer
mini---minibus,minicamera,mini-market,
over---overexcited,overweight,over-anxious,overestimate
out---outweigh,(比…重)outdo(超过,胜过),outgrow,
under---under-age(未成年的),underdo(不尽力做),undermanned(人员不足的)
ultra---ultraclean,ultracritical(吹毛求疵的),ultraism(激进论),ultraleft,ultrasonic
super---supersonic,superior,superstition,
(4)PrefixesofOrientation&Attitude表示方向态度的前缀
anti---anti-aging,anti-nuclear,anti-climax(渐降法,虎头蛇尾),anti-government
counter---counter-accuse,counterclockwise,counterattack,
pro---pro-American(亲美的),proslaveryprogress,
1.表示“代,副”,如:
pronoun,
2.表示“亲,赞成,偏袒”,如:
pro-American
3.表示“出,向前,在前”,如:
produce,propel,profane(fane,n.(诗)神殿)
4.表示“按,照”,如:
proportion
5.表示“公开”,如:
proclaim
6.表示“(位置、时间)前,先”,如:
prologue(前言,序言)
(5)Locativeprefixes:
表示位置的前缀
extra---extramarital(婚外的),extraterrestrial(外星人,地球外的)
inter---interbreeding(杂交繁殖,异血缘交配),interpersonal,interstate(highway)
super---superstructure(上层建筑),superscript(上标,标在右上角的)
tele---telescope,telecommunication,telegram,
trans---translate,transform,transplant,transatlantic
(6)PrefixofTimeandOrder:
表示时间顺序的前缀
ex---ex-lover,ex-husband,ex-president
fore---foresee,forethought,foreknowledge,forefathers
post---post-war,post-independence,post-graduate
pre---preschool,precollege,precondition,predate(v.居先)
re---
(7)Numberprefixes:
表示数目的前缀
semi---demi---hemi---:
semi-naked,semi-automatic,hemisphere,demi-wolf(狼狗)
uni---mono---:
uniform,unicolor(单色的),unicorn(独角兽),monoculture,monologue(长篇独白)
bi---di---:
bicycle,bilingual,bilateral,bimonthly,diameter,dialogue
tri---triangle,tricolor,trilogy(三部曲)
multi---poly---:
multi-purpose,multimedia,polysyllabic,polyatomic
centi---(一百,百分之一的)centigrade,centimeter,centiliter(厘升)
milli---milliliter,milligram
kilo-
2.Suffixes后缀
(1)Nounsuffix名词后缀
--eer,---er/---ee,----or,---ist,---ess,---let,---age,---dom,---hood,---ism,---ship,---ment,---ity,---ness,---ation,---ese,
(2)Adjectivesuffixes形容词后缀
---ful,---ish,---like,---less,---y,---al,---ic,---ous,---ative
(3)Adverbsuffixes副词后缀
---wards,---wise,---ly
(4)Verbsuffixes动词后缀
---ate,---en,---ize,---ify
II.Compounding:
theformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.
-----Solid:
silkworm,lazybones
-----Hyphenated:
honey-bee
-----Open:
teargas
1.Nouncompound
n+n:
moonwalk,endproduct,match-maker,safety-belt,daydream,lighthouse,airspace
n+v:
toothache,handshake,daybreak
v+n:
telltale(打小报告/搬弄是非的人),crybaby,push-button,watchdog
a+n:
deadline,blueprint
n+v-ing:
brainwashing,air-conditioning,sunbathing,housekeeping,sleep-walking
v-ing+n:
hidingplace,sewingmachine,dancinggirl,laughingstock(笑柄),walkingdictionary(活字典),writingdesk,chewinggum,investigatingcommittee,walkingstick
v+adv:
sit-in(静坐罢工),have-not(穷人,穷国家),breakthrough,
2.Adjectivecompound
n+v-ing:
record-breaking,brainwashing
n+v-ed:
weather-bitten(风吹日晒的),panic-stricken(惊慌失措的)
a+v-ing:
easy-going,high-sounding(夸夸其谈的),good-looking,
n+a:
snow-white,tax-free
a+a:
deaf-mute,bitter-sweet,
n(a)+n-ed:
short-sighted,lion-hearted,
num+n:
four-leg
num+n-ed:
one-eyed,two-legged
adv+v-ing:
outgoing,everlasting,far-reaching
3.Verbcompound
(1)Throughconversion
Nickname------tonicknamehoneymoon-------tohoneymoonmoonlight------tomoonlight
(2)Throughbackformation
Lip-reading-----tolip-read
Chain-smoker------tochain-smoke
Massproduction-----tomass-produceSight-seeing------tosight-see
4.longcompounds
take-home-pay(实得工资)
apain-in-stomachgesture(胃痛,肚子疼的手势)
do-it-yourself(DIY)
atoo-eager-not-to-losechampion
round-the-clockdiscussion(不停的,全天候的)
III.Conversion:
theformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanother.
n---v,n---adj,v---adj
Eg:
ten-year-old,newborns,
Advice---advise,record---record
Eg:
IeatwhatIcan,IcanwhatIcan’t.
Thisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.
Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.
Thephotographyellowedwithage.
I’moneofhisfamiliars.
Hewolfeddownhislunch.
Rubberglovesareamustifyouskinissensitivetowashingpowder.
IV.Blending:
theformationofwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.
hifi(high+fidelity)
Chocoholic(chocolate+alcoholic);workaholic
Eurasia(Europe+Asia)
comsat(communication+satellite)
Brunch(breakfast+lunch)bikethon(bike+marathon)
Talkathon(talk+marathon)
Eggwich(egg+sandwich)
motel(motor+hotel);airtel(airpot+hotel)
lottizen(lottery+citizen)
netizen(net+citizen)
sit-com(situation+comedy)
medicare,docudrama(纪录片)
V.Clipping:
theformationofwordsbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.
quake(earthquake)copter(helicopter)disco(discotheque)gent(gentleman)
flu(influenza)fridge(refrigerator)
jams(pajamas)pop(popularmusic)
pub(publichouse)perm(permanentwave)gym(gymnasia)
ad,dorm,lab,gas,plane,phone,Prof.,coke,vegan
VI.Acronym:
theprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersoftechnicalterms.
VOAP.C.(postcard)ID(identitycard)
UFO(unknownflyingobject)
PK(playkilling,PlayerKill单挑;
PrivateKey内线电键,专用电键)
M.A.(MasterofArts)
B.M.E.(BachelorofMechanicalEngineering)
VIPWHOKgASAPFBI
N-bomb:
nuclearbomb
G-man:
governmentman
V-day:
victoryday
TOEFL:
TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage
VII.CommunizationofProperNames:
namesofpeople,places,booksortrademarks.
Eg:
1.Howcansuchadisgustingyahooreallyhavecharmandstyle?
(雅虎,《格列佛游记》的人形兽)人面兽心的人,野蛮[邪恶]人,粗人,乡下人)
2.TheChristianheavencanbeseenasasortofspiritualUtopia.(ThomasMore)
3.Simplybecauseablackpersonispolitetowhitepeopledoesn’tmakehimorherguiltyofUncleTomism.(美国口语,汤姆叔叔,指逆来顺受的黑人)
4.Sincethen,hehasbecomeherManFriday.(得力助手)
5.JohnfeltproudwhenheputhisJohnHancockonhisveryfirstdriver’slicense.(亲笔签名)
6.ThejokeyoutoldisasoldasAdam,butIstillthinkit’sfunny.
7.Pleasexeroxthisletterforme.(hoover,kleenex,google…)