英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰.docx

英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰.docx

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英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰

集团文件发布号：

（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-19882）

英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案

Chapter1

1.Thethreedefinitionsagreethatlexicologystudieswords.Yet,theyhavedifferentfocuses.Definition1focusesonthemeaningandusesofwords,whiledefinition2ontheoverallstructureandhistory.Definition3regardslexicologyasabranchoflinguisticsandfocusesonthesemanticstructureofthelexicon.Itisinterestingtonotethatthethreedefinitionsusedifferentnamesfortheobjectofstudy.ForDefinition1,itiswords,forDefinition2thevocabularyofalanguage,andforDefinition3thelexicon.

2.

（1）Theycangointotheroom,andiftheylike,shutthedoor.

（2）Youboysarerequiredtogiveinyourhomeworkbefore10o’clock.

（3）Iwatchthefootballmatchhappilyandfinditveryinteresting.

3.

（1）Whenitfollows‘-t’and‘-d’,itispronouncedas[id];

（2）Whenitfollowsvoicelessconsonants,itispronouncedas[t];

（3）Whenitfollowsvoicedconsonantsandvowels,itispronouncedas[d].

4.

（1）Theyarewordsthatcanbeincludedinasemanticfieldof“tree”.

（2）Theyrepresenttheformsoftheverb“fly”andhaveacommonmeaning.

（3）Theybelongtoalexicalfieldof“telephonecommunication”.

（4）Theyaresynonyms,relatedtohumanvisualperception.Specifically,theydenotevariouskindsof“looking”.

5.（a）'blackboard:

aboardwithadarksmoothsurface,usedinschoolsforwritingwithchalk（theprimarystressinonblack）;

'blackbird:

aparticularkindofbird,whichmaynotnecessarilybeblackincolor（theprimarystressinonblack）;

'greyhound:

aslender,swiftdogwithkeensight（theprimarystressinonblack）;

'WhiteHouse:

theresidenceoftheUSPresidentinWashington（theprimarystressinonblack）.

（b）'black'board:

anyboardwhichisblackincolor（bothwordsreceiveprimarystress）;

'black'bird:

anybirdwhichisblackincolor（bothwordsreceiveprimarystress）;

'grey'hound:

anyhoundthatisgreyincolor（bothwordsreceiveprimarystress）;

'white'house:

anyhousethatispaintedwhite（bothwordsreceiveprimarystress）.

6.Thereare44orthographicwords,i.e.sequencesoflettersboundedbyspace.Thereare24openclasswordsand20closedclasswords.

7.（a）The‘bull’isliteral,referringtoamalebovineanimal.

（b）‘Takethebullbythehorn’isanidiom,meaning（havingthecourageto）dealwithsomeoneorsomethingdirectly.

（c）‘Likeabullinachinashop’isanidiom,meaningdoingsomethingwithtoomuchenthusiasmortooquicklyorcarelesslyinawaythatmaydamagethingsorupsetsomeone.

（d）A‘bullmarket’isonewherepricesrisefastbecausethereisalotofbuyingofsharesinanticipationofprofits.

8.drinkingvessels:

cup,mug,glass,tumbler,tankard,goblet,bowl,beaker,wineglass,beerglass,sherryglass

Theycanbeorganizedinanumberofways,forexample,bythedrinksthevesselisusedfor.

Non-alcoholic:

glass,tumbler,cup,mug,beaker,bowl

Beer:

beerglass,tankard

Wine:

wineglass,goblet

Spirits:

sherryglass

Chapter2

1.Lexemeisanabstractlinguisticunitwithdifferentvariants,forexample,singasagainstsang,sung.

Morphemeistheultimategrammaticalconstituent,thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample,moralizersisanEnglishwordcomposedoffourmorphemes:

moral+lize+er+s.

Anyconcreterealizationofamorphemeinagivenutteranceiscalledamorph,suchascat,chair,-ing,-s,etc.

Allomorphsarethealternatephoneticformsofthesamemorpheme,forexample,[t],[d]and[id]areallomorphsofthepasttensemorphemeinEnglish.

2.quick-ly,down-stair-s,four-th,poison-ous,weak-en,

world-wide,inter-nation-al-ly,in-ject,pro-trude

3.island,surname,disclose,duckling,cranberry,

reading,poets,flavourfulness,famous,subvert

4.（a）[?

]

（b）[-ai]

5.

（1）-’s,-s

（2）-est,-s

（3）-ing

（4）-ed

6.Theconnotationsareasfollows:

（1）slang,carryingtheconnotationofreluctance,

（2）informal,carryingtheconnotationthatthespeakerisspeakingtoachild,（3）beastieisusedtoasmallanimalinScotland,carryingtheconnotationofdisgust,（4）carryingtheconnotationofformalness,（5）carryingtheconnotationoflight-heartedness.

7.{-?

m;～-n;～-n;～-i:

～-s;～-z;～-iz}

8.court:

polysemydart:

polysemy

fleet:

homonymyjam:

homonymy

pad:

homonymysteep:

homonymy

stem:

homonymystuff:

polysemy

watch:

polysemy

9.

（1）—（f）,

（2）—（g）,（3）—（c）,（4）—（e）,（5）—（a）,（6）—（d）,（7）—（b）

10.

（1）unpractical

（2）break

（3）impractical

（4）rout

（5）pedals

（6）Route

（7）raze

Chapter3

1.ThehistoryofEnglishcanbedividedintofourperiods:

theOld,Middle,EarlymiddleandModernEnglishperiods.

InOldEnglishperiod,thereisafrequentuseofcoinagesknownas‘kennings’,whichreferstovividfigurativedescriptionsofteninvolvingcompounds.Theabsenceofawide-rangingvocabularyofloanwordsforcepeopletorelymoreonword-formationprocessesbasedonnativeelements.ThelatterperiodofOldEnglishwascharacterizedbytheintroductionofanumberof‘loantranslations’.GrammaticalrelationshipsinOldEnglishwereexpressedbytheuseofinflectionalendings.AndOldEnglishisbelievedtocontainabout24,000differentlexicalitems.

InMiddleEnglishperiod,Englishgrammarandvocabularychangedgreatly.Ingrammar,Englishchangedfromahighlyinflectedlanguagetoananalyticlanguage.InvocabularyEnglishwascharacterizedbythelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishword-stockandtheadditionofthousandsofwordsfromFrenchandLatin.

InEarlyModernEnglishperiod,Englishvocabularygrewveryfastthroughextensiveborrowingandexpansionofword-formationpatterns.Andtherewasagreatmanysemanticchanges,asoldwordsacquirenewmeanings.

ModernEnglishischaracterizedwiththreemainfeaturesofunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabulary,theassertionofAmericanEnglishasadominantvarietyofthelanguage,andtheemergenceofothervarietiesknownas‘NewEnglishes’.

2.“appeareth”in（a）becomes“appeared”in（b）,and“dreame”becomes“dream”.Thepassive“weredeparted”becomestheactive“hadgone”.Withthechangeofwordforms,（b）lookssimplemorphologically.

3.barf:

Americanslangkerchief:

Frenchmutton:

French

cadaver:

Latingoober:

Kongoleviathan:

Latin

ginseng:

Chinesetaffy:

NorthAmericankimono:

Japanese

whisky:

Irishcaddy:

Malaysphere:

Latin

algebra:

Arabicgiraffe:

African

4.train:

meaningchangedfromthetrailingpartofagowntoawiderangeofextendedmeanings.

deer:

meaningnarrowedfrom‘beast’or‘animal’to‘aparticularkindofanimal’

knight:

meaningamelioratedfrom‘boy,manservant’to‘amanintheUKwhohasbeengivenanhonorofknighthood’

meat:

meaningnarroweddownfrom‘food’to‘theediblefleshofanimalsandtheediblepartoffruit’.

hose:

meaningextendedfrom‘legcovering’to‘alongtubeforcarryingwater’.

5.sell:

specializedhound:

specialized

starve:

specializedwife:

specialized

loaf:

specialized

6.

AmericanEnglish

BritishEnglish

Fall

Autumn

candy

sweet

corn

Maize

semester

term

apartment

flat

Dresser

Dressingtable

Streetcar

Tramcar

Chapter4

1.read+-i+-nessdis-+courage+-ingkind+heart+-ed

un-+doubt+-ed+-lystock+room+-spre-+pack+-age+-ed

2.book:

books（n.）;books（v.）,booking,booked

forget:

forgets,forgot,forgotten

short:

shortter,shortest

snap:

snaps,snapping,snapped

take:

takes,taking,took,taken

goose:

geese

heavy:

heavier,heaviest

3.-ish:

meaning‘havingthenatureof,like’

de-:

meaning‘theoppositeof’

-ify:

meaning‘make,become’

-dom:

means‘thestateof’

il-（im-/in-）:

meaning‘theoppositeof,not’

-able:

meaning‘thatcanormustbe’

mis-:

meaning‘wronglyorbadly’

-sion（-tion）:

meaning‘thestate/processof’

pre-:

meaning‘priorto’

-ment:

meaning‘theactionof’

re-:

meaning‘again’

under-:

meaning‘notenough’

-al:

meaning‘theprocessorstateof’

4.a.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifynouns‘line,line,neck,room’.Hotlinemeans‘atelephonenumberthatpeoplecancallforinformation’.Mainlinemeans‘animportantrailwaylinebetweentwocities’.Redneckmeans‘apersonfromthesouthernUS’.Darkroommeans‘aroomwithverylittleinit,usedfordevelopingphotographs’.

b.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N’structure.Bookshelfmeans‘ashelfforkeepingbooks’.Breadbasketmeans‘acontainerforservingbread’.Mailboxmeans‘aboxforputtinglettersinwhentheydeliveredtoahouse’.Wineglassmeans‘aglassfordrinkingwine’.

c.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N’structure.Letterheadmeans‘theheadofaletter（i.e.thenameandaddressofanorganizationprintedatthetopofaletter）’.Roadsidemeans‘theareaatthesideofaroad’.Keyholemeans‘theholeinalockforputtingthekeyin’.Hilltopmeans‘thetopofahill’.

d.Theyareexocentriccompounds.Dropoutmeans‘apersonwholeavesschoolbeforetheyhavefinishedtheirstudies.Go-betweenmeans‘apersonwhotakesmessagesbetweenpeople’.Turnoutmeans‘thenumberofpeoplewhocometoanevent’.Standbymeans‘apersonorthingthatcanalwaysbeusedifneeded’.

e.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N-ed”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifytheN-ed.

f.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+Adj”structure,meaningAsAdjAsN.

5.in-:

not,theoppositeof

en-:

toputintotheconditionof

dis-:

not,theoppositeof

un-:

not,theoppositeof

inter-:

between,among

mis-:

wronglyorbadly

over-:

toomuch

re-:

again

post-:

after

6.a.ayoungdog;piglet

b.afemaleeditor;hostess

c.aplac