英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰.docx

1、英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-19882）英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰英语词汇学教程参考答案Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and hist

2、ory. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and fo

3、r Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 oclock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) When it follows -t and -d, it is pronounced as id; (2) When it

4、 follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as t; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as d.4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexic

5、al field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”.5. (a) blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); blackbird: a particul

6、ar kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black);White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) black board: any board wh

7、ich is black in color (both words receive primary stress); black bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); grey hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); white house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stres

8、s). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The bull is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) Take the bull by the horn is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or s

9、omething directly. (c) Like a bull in a china shop is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A bull market is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation o

10、f profits.8. drinking vessels: cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine:

11、 wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, moralizers is an English word composed of

12、four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s. Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, t, d and id are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-l

13、y, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) ? (b) -ai5. (1) -s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) -ing (4) -ed6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang

14、, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedne

15、ss.7. -?m; - n; - n; -i: -s; -z; -iz8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy9. (1)(f), (2)(g), (3)(c), (4)(e), (5)(a), (6)(d), (7)(b)10. (1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (

16、6) Route (7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as kennings, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The abs

17、ence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of loan translations. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use o

18、f inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized

19、by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes,

20、as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as New Englishes.2.“appeareth” in (a) becom

21、es “appeared” in (b), and “dreame” becomes “dream”. The passive “were departed” becomes the active “had gone”. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: No

22、rth American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from beast or animal to a particular kind of animalknight: meaning ameliorated f

23、rom boy, manservant to a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthoodmeat: meaning narrowed down from food to the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit. hose: meaning extended from leg covering to a long tube for carrying water. 5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve:

24、 specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6. American EnglishBritish EnglishFall Autumn candysweetcornMaize semestertermapartmentflatDresser Dressing tableStreet carTram carChapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books

25、(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.-ish: meaning having the nature of , likede-: meaning the opposite of-ify: meaning make, become-dom: means th

26、e state of il-(im-/in-): meaning the opposite of, not-able: meaning that can or must bemis-: meaning wrongly or badly-sion(-tion):meaning the state/process of pre-: meaning prior to-ment: meaning the action ofre-: meaning againunder-: meaning not enough-al: meaning the process or state of4.a. They a

27、re endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify nouns line, line, neck, room. Hotline means a telephone number that people can call for information. Mainline means an important railway line between two cities. Redneck means a person from the southe

28、rn US. Darkroom means a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs. b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N structure. Bookshelf means a shelf for keeping books. Breadbasket means a container for serving bread. Mailbox means a box for putting letters in when they de

29、livered to a house. Wineglass means a glass for drinking wine. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N structure. Letterhead means the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter). Roadside means the area at the side of a road. Keyhol

30、e means the hole in a lock for putting the key in. Hilltop means the top of a hill. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means a person who takes messages between people. Turnout means the number of people who

31、come to an event. Standby means a person or thing that can always be used if needed. e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj” structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6.a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a plac