本科毕业设计体态语和跨文化交际体态语在国际商务中的重要作用.docx

本科毕业设计体态语和跨文化交际体态语在国际商务中的重要作用.docx

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本科毕业设计体态语和跨文化交际体态语在国际商务中的重要作用

Abstract

Bodylanguageplaysanimportantroleininterculturalcommunication.Eachmovementofapersoncanexpressone’semotionsandattitudes.Bodylanguageisdifferentindifferentcountrieswithinterculturalview,however,ithasthesamepurposethatithelpspeoplecommunicateinaneffectiveway.Peoplefromdifferentculturesalwaysusedifferentnonverbalmeansofcommunication,conveyingnon-verbalinformationwhichplaysanecessaryroleininternationalbusiness.Ininterculturalcommunication,ifbothpartscan’tbedeeplyinthesameculturalbackground,itwillbemorelikelytocreatemisunderstandingswhichcausefailureincommunication.Therefore,thenegotiatorsshouldhavestrongculturalconsciousnessandgetfamiliarwithmanydifferentformsofnon-verbalcommunicationsoastounderstandeachotherwell,observenegotiationopponent,andusenonverbalexpressionmoreeffectively.

Thispaperdiscussesthetypesofbodylanguage,itsimportantfunctions,andtheimportantrolebodylanguageplaysininternationalbusinessnegotiations.Differentcountrieshavedifferenceinposture,facialexpressions,gesturesandbodyspace（distance）.Thispaperalsoexpoundstheimportanceofnon-verbalcommunication.Thediscussiononbodylanguageininterculturalcommunicationhelpspeoplereduceoravoidmisunderstandingincross-culturalcommunicationbecauseofthedifferencesofbodylanguageunderdifferentculturebackground.

Keywords:

bodylanguage;interculturalcommunication;internationalbusiness;negotiation

中文摘要

体态语在跨文化交际中起着不可或缺的作用。

一个人不同的行为动作表达着不同的情感和观点。

在不同的文化背景下以及在不同的国家里，体态语不尽相同。

然而，体态语都有一个共同的目标，那就是帮助人们有效地交际。

不同文化的人会用不同的非语言交际，非语言交际传递着不同的信息，这些信息在国际商务中起着非常重要的作用。

在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景之中，就容易产生不解或误解，从而是交际失败。

因此，谈判人员应该要有较强的文化意识以及熟悉多学不同的非语言交际形式，以便尽可能地观察对手，领会对方的非语言信息，同时更好地运用自己的非语言表达。

本文重点论述了体态语的类型和重要功能，并且论述了体态语在国际商务谈判中的重要作用。

不同国家在手势，姿态，面部表情，眼神与体距等方面的文化差异，论述了非语言交际的重要性。

对跨文化交际中的体态语进行探讨，有助于人们减少或避免在跨文化交际中因体态语的文化差异而引起的误解。

关键词：

体态语,跨文化交际,国际商务,谈判

1.Introduction

Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnon-verbalcommunication.Interculturalcommunicationistheprocessofcommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Bodylanguage（non-verbalcommunication）whichisnotcarriedoutinwords,butthroughone’svoicequalities,facialexpressions,gestures,bodymovement,orattitudestowardsspaceandtimeandsoon.Peoplecancommunicatewithoneanothernotonlythroughverbalcommunicationbutalsothroughnon-verbalcommunication;moreover,thelatterplaysmoreessentialroleandmainlyexpressesrealemotionandattitudethroughgesture,posture,facialexpression,eyebehavior,andbodycontact.Thispaperintendstopresentdifferentformsofbodylanguageunderdifferentcultureanditsfunctionssothatwecanimproveourcommunicationskillsandabilitiesbyunderstandingitwellandputitintoeffectiveuse.

“Researchshowsthatwhenpeoplemeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,only6%oftheirinitialimpactonothersisdeterminedbythecontentofwhattheysay;theother94%oftheirmessageismadeupofbodylanguage（55%）andthetoneoftheirvoice（39%）.”（ZhangJianqing，2004:

105）.

Bodylanguageusedtobeneglectedbymanypeople,simplybecauseofitsnon-verbalnature.Butthingsaredifferentnow:

businesspeoplearepayingmoreandmoreattentiontonon-verbalwaysintheircommunications.Asthetrendofglobalizationisstrengthenedstepbystep,internationalcommunicationisfrequentandimportantdaybyday.Thus,thesignificanceofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunicationhasbeengreatlyrealized.

Bodylanguageisalsointerlinkedwithspokenlanguageandawholepatternofbehaviorfromaperson.Inadditiontothat,variousbodylanguagesignscancomplementeachothertomakeaparticularmeaningclearandstrengthenthemeaningofwhatwecommunicate.

Owingtoculturaldifferences,thesamebodylanguagehasdifferentmeaningsandcommunicativefunctions,becauseeachculturehassomesocialnormsthatgoverntheconductofpeople’ssocialbehaviors,whichcausesalotoftroubleininterculturalcommunication.Therefore,ininterculturalcommunication,itisofgreatimportanceforustounderstandthebodylanguage.Thispaperfocusesontheculturalcomparisonofthebodylanguage,sothatbusinesspersoncanputitintopracticeappropriatelyespeciallyinbusinessnegotiation.

Asabusinessperson,ifyouwanttocommunicatewithyourpartnersucessfully,youshouldgetfamiliarwithdifferentbodylanguageindifferentcountrysoastomakethetrademuchcloserandfurther.Atthesametime,youhadbettermakefullpreparationsforbodylanguagecommunicationbeforegoingtomakedealwithpeoplefromdifferentculture.Inthisway,peoplearelikelytoavoidmisunderstandingbodylanguage.

2.DifferentFormsofBodyLanguageunderDifferentCulture

2.1Gesture

2.1.1Samegesture,differentmeaningsunderdifferentculture

Owingtotheexistanceofculturaldifferencesintheworld,thesamegesturemayconveydifferentmeaningstoothers.Oneperson’spositivegesturemaybeanotherperson’sinsult.

HandsonhipssignalshostilityinMexico,angerinMalaysia,impatienceintheUnitedStates,andinArgentinaitindicatesachallenge.InChina,itisasignthatthereisaneedforrelaxingorapauseasonehasbeentiredorasignofreliefafterhardwork;itissometimesadoptedtodisplayone’sstrengthinquarrelingwithotherpeople.

Makingacirclewithone’sindexfingeratthetempleisnormallyusedwhentalkingprivatelyaboutathirdperson,whichmeansthatpersoniscrazy,ofteninajokingway.ButinChina,itmeansthinking.

InRussia,receivingaveryslowapplauseindicatesgreatappreciation,butinmanycountriesthiswouldshowlackofappreciation.

Chinesepeoplemayexpresstheiragreement,approvalandpraisebynoddingthehead,smiling,whileItaliansshowtheirsatisfactioninthisway.

The“V”forvictorysignisacceptedinbothChinaandEnglishspeakingcountries.However,thissignpreviouslymeansthenumber2inChina.

PeopleofEnglishspeakingcountrieskeeptheirmiddlefingercrossedindexfingertomeanthatthepersonishopingforgoodluck.WhileinChina,itmeansthenumber10.

2.1.2Differentgestures,samemeaningsunderdifferentculture

Differentcultureshavedifferentnon-verbalsignalstoconveysomesubtleinformation.

Whenitcomestocounting1,3,6,7,8,9,10,EnlishspeakingcountriesaredifferentfromChinese.Theypointindexfingerorcrookmiddlefinger,ringfingerandpinkietoindicate1;theyuseindexfinger,crookingmiddlefingerandringfingerwiththethumbpressingthepinkietoindicate3;theystretchouttheclosingfivefingersplustheindexfingeroftheotherhandtoindicate6;theyprimarilystretchoutthehand,thensuccessivelyaddthemiddle,ringfinger,pinkieandthumboftheotherhandtoindicate7,8,9,10.

InChina,ifonewantstoexpress“shameonyou”,heorshewillextendtheforefingerandtouchhisorherownfacewiththetipofthefingerseveraltimes.WhileEnglish-speakingpeopleextendbothforefingerswithpalmsdowninfrontofhisorherbody,andthenonefingermakesseveralburshingmovementsoverthebackoftheother.

InChina,peopleputthethumborforefingeronthenosetoconfirmifheorsheismentionedorcalled.WhilemanypeopleofEnlishspeakingcountriesalwaysgetthismeaningbypointingathimselforherselfwiththepalminside.

2.2Posture

Postureisafunctionalsourceofculturalunderstanding.Thesameposturemaycauseseriousconflictswhenindifferentculturalregion.

Greeting,noddingandshakingheads,sittingandstanding,whichmovementsofthehead,arms,hands,legscommunicateone’semotionandfeelings,aswellasone’sself-imageandenergylevel.

Posture,whatevertypeitbelongsto,sendsdifferentmessagestootherpeople.Whenyoustandinanuprightposition,youimpressothersasbeingenergetic;whenyouaresittingwithahandsupportingyourchin,yougiveotherstheimpressionthatyouareeitherdeepinthinkingorintheblues;whenyouleanforwardwhilelistening,itwillstrikethespeakerthatyouareattentiveandinterestedinwhatheissaying;butifyoulookawayfromtimetotimewhilelistening,itwillbeinterpretedasbeingeitherabsent-mindedorlackinginterestandsoforth.

Surelythesignalfor“No!

”,shakingone’sheadfromsidetoside,issharedamongpeopleallaroundtheworld?

False!

InCreece,TurkeyandIran,swayingheadfromsidetosidemeans,“yes”.

Takinggreetingforexample,insomecountries,peoplewouldliketoshakehandswithotherswhenmeeting,whileinsomeeasterncountries,suchasJapan,peoplebendtoshowtheirgreetings.Insomecountries,peopleembraceandkisseachother.

InEnglishspeakingcountries,likeAmericaandBritain,femalesoftenhugmalesandkisstheirfacestosaygoodbye.AndinEastAsiancountriesandwesterncountries,malesseldomhugbutoftenshakehandstoshowwelcome.Japaneseoftenshowwelcomebybowing.InthecountrieslikeArab,Russia,France,EastEuropeandsomecountriesatthebankoftheMediterranean,malesoftenhugtightlyandkisseachother’scheekstoshowwelcome.PeoplelivinginLatinAmericaalsodothesamething.ItiscommontoseeyouthofthesamesexholdhandsandhuginChina.ButinEnglishspeakingcountries,itwillberegardedhomosexuality.

Whiletakingnoddingandshakingheadsforexample,onmostoccasions,peoplenodtheirheadstoshowtheemotionofagreement,whileshakingheadsconveysdisagreement.Nevertheless,Celongeseusestwodifferentformstomeans“yes”.Whenfacingthefact,theywillnodtoagree.However,whentheyagreewiththeopinionofothers,theywillshake