平行结构 sat.docx

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平行结构sat

蝉噪林逾静,鸟鸣山更幽。

亡羊补牢,未为迟也。

人逢喜事精神爽,月到中秋分外明。

问姓惊初见,称名忆旧容。

君不见黄河之水天上来,奔流到海不复回。

平行结构  平行结构

  一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构

  并列连词and,but,aswellas,or,orelse,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…but(also),ratherthan,as…as等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。

  1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致

  例1:

Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.

  例2:

Gunpowderwasdiscoveredinthetwelfthcentury,butnotusedinwarfareuntiltwohundredyearslater.

  2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致

  例1:

Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.

  例2:

Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.

  例3:

Iwouldmuchrathergotothecountrysidethanstayhere.

  3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致

  例1:

Somefindswimmingmoreenjoyablethansittingathomereading.

  例2:

Hewasengagedinwritingaletterratherthanreadingthenewspaper.

  4.所连接的句子结构必须一致

  例1:

Sheispleasedwithwhatyouhavegivenandallthatyouhavetoldhim.

  例2:

Thepurposeoftheresearchhadamoredifferentmeaningforthemthanitdidforus.

  二、某些特定的固定结构。

例如:

  

(1)有些词后要用平行结构。

例如:

  prefersthtosth

  preferdoingsthtodoingsth

  prefertodosthratherthandosth

  1)Ipreferricetonoodles.

  2)IpreferwatchingTVtolisteningtomusic.

  3)Hepreferredtodieratherthansurrender.

  

(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。

例如:

  would/hadrather/soonerdosomethingthandosomething,would/hadassoondosomethingasdosomething(宁可……也不……)

  1)LiuHulansaidshehadratherdiethangiveup.

  2)Iwouldassoonstayathomeasgo.

  III部分强调句

  要强调句子的某一部分,可以把句子的结构改变一下,通常有两种表示强调的句式:

Itis/was…that…结构和What…is/was…结构。

  一、Itis/was…that…结构

  1.Itis/was…that…结构可以用来强调句子中几乎任何部分

  例1:

ItwasmymotherthatthrewaneggatMr.Liyesterday.

  例2:

ItwasMr.Lithatmymotherthrewaneggatyesterday.

  2.被强调的部分指人时,可用who或whom

  强调主语时,如果指的是人,可以不用that而用who来代替。

强调宾语时,如果指点的是人,可用whom。

例如:

  1)Itwasthedeanwhowalkedby.

  2)ItwasMarywhomtheoldladymissedmost.

  3被强调部分指物时,要用that

  例如:

ItwasaneggthatmymotherthrewatMr.Liyesterday.

  4.被强调部分是状语时,也只能用that,不能用when或where.

  例1:

ItisduringhissparetimethatJohnhasbeenstudyingacourseinFrench.

  例2:

Itwasinthehallthatthemayorheldthepressconference.

  5.不能用Itis/was…that结构强调动词

  强调动词常用do,过去式用did。

例如:

  1)Theydidstudyveryhardyesterday.

  2)Hedoeslookforwardtomakingtheacquaintanceofher.

  What…is/was…结构

  二、What…is/was…结构常用来强调主语或宾语,在这种结构中,is/was后面是强调的部分。

例如:

  1)Whathurtsismyleftleg.

  2)WhatIlikeisherstyle.

ParallelStructure

平行结构纠错

  相似的思想应用相似的形式表达出来。

句子的成份相近,则也应以相似的形式出现。

请注意以下标有"NO"的句子是不规范的。

No:

Theschoolbusskidded,turnedsideways,thencomestoastop.

Yes:

Theschoolbusskidded,turnedsideways,andcametoastop.

(并列时态)

No:

Idon'tknowwhyImarriedsomeonewhoismiserly,sloppyandabore.

Yes:

Idon'tknowwhyImarriedsomeonewhoismiserly,sloppyandboring.

(形容词平行结构)

No:

Inthewreckthecircuslostapandaandelephant.

Yes:

Inthewreckthecircuslostapandaandanelephant.

(不定冠词的平行结构)

No:

IdebatedwhetherIshouldgivethebeggarmoneyortoofferhimfood.

Yes:

Idebatedwhethertogivethebeggarmoneyortoofferhimfood.

(不定式的平行结构)

No:

Theywouldlieonthebattlefieldforhoursandsometimesdays.

Yes:

Theywouldlieonthebattlefieldforhoursandsometimesfordays.

(介词平行结构)

No:

Michael'svacuumcleanersquealedloudly,shookviolently,anddustfilledtheair.

Yes:

Michael'svacuumcleanersquealedloudly,shookviolently,andfilledtheairwithdust.

(并列谓语)

No:

Themechanicexplainedtheproblem,method,andthetoolsthathewasgoingtouse.

Yes:

Themechanicexplainedtheproblem,method,andtoolsthathewasgoingtouse.

(并列带有定冠词"the"的名词)

No:

Heretiredrespectedbyhisassociates,admiredbyhisfriends,andhisemployeeslovedhim.

Yes:

Heretiredrespectedbyhisassociates,admiredbyhisfriends,andlovedbyhisemployees.

(并列被动语态)

No:

AsayoungmanhehadbeentoShanghai,fightingintheAnti-JapaneseWar,andfollowingtheNationalistPartytoChongking.

Yes:

AsayoungmanhehadbeentoShanghai,hadfoughtintheAnti-JapaneseWarandhadfollowedtheNationalistPartytoChongking.

(并列过去完成时)

No:

Janeispretty,withbrownhair,andhasagracefulmanner.

Yes:

Janeispretty,brown-haired,andgraceful.

(形容词平行结构)

No:

Heleftthecitybecauseofhislackofsuccessinbusiness,thedepartureofhisfriendsandbecausehishealthdeterioratedrapidly.

Yes:

Heleftthecitybecauseofhislackofsuccessinbusiness,thedepartureofhisfriendsandhisrapidlyfailinghealth.

(作宾语的名词平行结构)

No:

Theyboughtthehouseforlocationandaffordability.

Yes:

Theyboughtthehousebecauseofitslocationanditsaffordability.

(并列名词;注意代词的所有格)

No:

WhydidyoumakeXiaoZhangfeeluselessandasifhewasunimportant?

Yes:

WhydidyoumakeXiaoZhangfeeluselessandunimportant?

(形容词的平行结构)

No:

Thiscouldbeaproblemforboththewinnersandforthosewholose.

Yes:

Thiscouldbeaproblemforboththewinnersandlosers.

(名词平行结构)

No:

Theprisonerwasnotonlyfoundguiltyofbriberybutalsoadultery.

Yes:

Theprisonerwasfoundguiltynotonlyofbriberybutalsoofadultery.

(并列介词短语)

  为使平行结构清楚明了,随时都可以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志,或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。

Awkward:

IadmireTennysonfortheidealsinhispoemsbutnothisstyle.

Improved:

IadmireTennysonfortheidealsinhispoemsbutnotforhisstyle.

Awkward:

Thesentencesaredifficulttounderstand,notbecausetheyarelongbuttheyareobscure.

Improved:

Thesentencesaredifficulttounderstand,notbecausetheyarelongbutbecausetheyareobscure.

Awkward:

Heexplainedthattheadvertisingcampaignhadbeensuccessful,businesshadincreasedmorethanfortypercent,andadditionalcapitalwassorelyneeded.

Improved:

Heexplainedthattheadvertisingcampaignhadbeensuccessful,thatbusinesshadincreasedmorethanfortypercent,andthatadditionalcapitalwassorelyneeded.

  在商业和正式文件写作中,越来越多的用到圆点散句。

除了更易读之外,它们更能从视觉上引起人们注意。

作者需要决定在圆点之后用什么形式来写,是用名词,动词,形容词,副词,还是介词短语,定语从句甚至完整的句子。

应该记住的是它们相互间应该保持一致。

平行结构较多用。

Examples:

Ourrecommendationsforimprovingcomputer-usercomfortareasfollows:

Anti-radiationscreensshouldbeavailableforcomputermonitors.

Wristsupportsshouldbeusedtohelpmaintainproperwristpositionduringcomputeruseandpossiblyreducetheriskofcarpaltunnelsyndrome.

Employeesneedadjustablechairswithastrongerbacksupport.

·(主谓一致结构)

Whatmakesmedifferentfromotherjobapplicants?

AbilitytoconverseinEnglish,JapaneseinadditiontomynativeMandarin

Completionoftwo-monthcustomersatisfactiontraining

Impeccablemedicalreportcard

Outgoingpersonalityandeagerdesiretohelp

·(名词平行结构)

Awkward:

AtYiXinAssociates,wehave15yearsofcombinedlegalexperienceinalltypesofinjurycasesonecanthinkof.Otherareaswehandlearewrongfuldeath,automobileaccidentsandmedicalmalpractice.Ifyouslipandfallinapublicbuilding,wecanrepresentyouinfilingalawsuitagainsttheowner.Also,ourclientscometoseekourhelpinhandicapdiscriminationanddenialofinsuranceclaimcases.

Better:

AtYiXinAssociates,wehave15yearsofcombinedlegalexperiencein:

Allinjurycases

Wrongfuldeath

Automobileaccidents

Medicalmalpractice

Slipandfall

Handicapdiscrimination

Denialofinsuranceclaims

·

Incorrect:

ThedutiesoftheExecutiveSecretaryoftheAdministrativeCommitteeare:

Totakeminutesofallmeetings(不定式短语)

TheExecutiveSecretaryanswersallthecorrespondence;and(句子)

Writingofmonthreports.(话题)

·

Correct:

ThedutiesoftheExecutiveSecretaryoftheAdministrativeCommitteeare:

Totakeminutesofallmeetings;

Toanswerallthecorrespondence;and

Towritemonthlyreports.

·

精典范例:

Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoe1alike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans,borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage,andunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthosehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld.

Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness,andthatsincerityisalwayssubjecttoproof.Letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.

Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain-notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed2;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare3;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,ayearinandyearout"rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation,"astruggle4againstthecommonenemiesofman:

5tyranny,poverty,disease,andwaritself.

Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou6;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.

--美国前总统JohnF.Kennedy

注意:

  

(1)划线部分为平行结构

  

(2)例1.头韵;例2&3."Weneedarms"和"Weareembattled"为倒装结构;例4.同位语;例5.见冒号的用法。

  在句中使用"and"或"on"时,须连接结构相同的部分。

总的原则是:

词与词相配,短语和短语相配,从句和从句相配,句子则和句子放在一起。

所有这些搭配必须是平行结构,它们应采用相同的形式。

No:

MyparentswenttoTibet,toMongolia,andtheyevensawHongKongandMacau.

Yes:

MyparentswenttoTibet,toMongolia,andeventoHongKongandMacau.

No:

JonathannoticedthewayStephanietalkedandhowshekeptfidgetingwithherfingers.

Yes:

JonathannoticedhowStephanietalkedandhowshekeptfidgetingwithherfingers.

一些连词,如both/and,either/or,neither/nor,和notonly/butalso.常用于连接平行结构。

No:

Thatconferencewasbothhelpfulandcontainedalotofinformation.

Yes:

Thatconferencewasbothhelpfulandinformative.

No:

Hereweeitherturnleftorright,butIforgetwhich.

Yes:

Herewetur

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