平行结构 sat.docx
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平行结构sat
蝉噪林逾静,鸟鸣山更幽。
亡羊补牢,未为迟也。
人逢喜事精神爽,月到中秋分外明。
问姓惊初见,称名忆旧容。
君不见黄河之水天上来,奔流到海不复回。
平行结构 平行结构
一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构
并列连词and,but,aswellas,or,orelse,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…but(also),ratherthan,as…as等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。
1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致
例1:
Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.
例2:
Gunpowderwasdiscoveredinthetwelfthcentury,butnotusedinwarfareuntiltwohundredyearslater.
2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致
例1:
Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.
例2:
Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.
例3:
Iwouldmuchrathergotothecountrysidethanstayhere.
3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致
例1:
Somefindswimmingmoreenjoyablethansittingathomereading.
例2:
Hewasengagedinwritingaletterratherthanreadingthenewspaper.
4.所连接的句子结构必须一致
例1:
Sheispleasedwithwhatyouhavegivenandallthatyouhavetoldhim.
例2:
Thepurposeoftheresearchhadamoredifferentmeaningforthemthanitdidforus.
二、某些特定的固定结构。
例如:
(1)有些词后要用平行结构。
例如:
prefersthtosth
preferdoingsthtodoingsth
prefertodosthratherthandosth
1)Ipreferricetonoodles.
2)IpreferwatchingTVtolisteningtomusic.
3)Hepreferredtodieratherthansurrender.
(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。
例如:
would/hadrather/soonerdosomethingthandosomething,would/hadassoondosomethingasdosomething(宁可……也不……)
1)LiuHulansaidshehadratherdiethangiveup.
2)Iwouldassoonstayathomeasgo.
III部分强调句
要强调句子的某一部分,可以把句子的结构改变一下,通常有两种表示强调的句式:
Itis/was…that…结构和What…is/was…结构。
一、Itis/was…that…结构
1.Itis/was…that…结构可以用来强调句子中几乎任何部分
例1:
ItwasmymotherthatthrewaneggatMr.Liyesterday.
例2:
ItwasMr.Lithatmymotherthrewaneggatyesterday.
2.被强调的部分指人时,可用who或whom
强调主语时,如果指的是人,可以不用that而用who来代替。
强调宾语时,如果指点的是人,可用whom。
例如:
1)Itwasthedeanwhowalkedby.
2)ItwasMarywhomtheoldladymissedmost.
3被强调部分指物时,要用that
例如:
ItwasaneggthatmymotherthrewatMr.Liyesterday.
4.被强调部分是状语时,也只能用that,不能用when或where.
例1:
ItisduringhissparetimethatJohnhasbeenstudyingacourseinFrench.
例2:
Itwasinthehallthatthemayorheldthepressconference.
5.不能用Itis/was…that结构强调动词
强调动词常用do,过去式用did。
例如:
1)Theydidstudyveryhardyesterday.
2)Hedoeslookforwardtomakingtheacquaintanceofher.
What…is/was…结构
二、What…is/was…结构常用来强调主语或宾语,在这种结构中,is/was后面是强调的部分。
例如:
1)Whathurtsismyleftleg.
2)WhatIlikeisherstyle.
ParallelStructure
平行结构纠错
相似的思想应用相似的形式表达出来。
句子的成份相近,则也应以相似的形式出现。
请注意以下标有"NO"的句子是不规范的。
No:
Theschoolbusskidded,turnedsideways,thencomestoastop.
Yes:
Theschoolbusskidded,turnedsideways,andcametoastop.
(并列时态)
No:
Idon'tknowwhyImarriedsomeonewhoismiserly,sloppyandabore.
Yes:
Idon'tknowwhyImarriedsomeonewhoismiserly,sloppyandboring.
(形容词平行结构)
No:
Inthewreckthecircuslostapandaandelephant.
Yes:
Inthewreckthecircuslostapandaandanelephant.
(不定冠词的平行结构)
No:
IdebatedwhetherIshouldgivethebeggarmoneyortoofferhimfood.
Yes:
Idebatedwhethertogivethebeggarmoneyortoofferhimfood.
(不定式的平行结构)
No:
Theywouldlieonthebattlefieldforhoursandsometimesdays.
Yes:
Theywouldlieonthebattlefieldforhoursandsometimesfordays.
(介词平行结构)
No:
Michael'svacuumcleanersquealedloudly,shookviolently,anddustfilledtheair.
Yes:
Michael'svacuumcleanersquealedloudly,shookviolently,andfilledtheairwithdust.
(并列谓语)
No:
Themechanicexplainedtheproblem,method,andthetoolsthathewasgoingtouse.
Yes:
Themechanicexplainedtheproblem,method,andtoolsthathewasgoingtouse.
(并列带有定冠词"the"的名词)
No:
Heretiredrespectedbyhisassociates,admiredbyhisfriends,andhisemployeeslovedhim.
Yes:
Heretiredrespectedbyhisassociates,admiredbyhisfriends,andlovedbyhisemployees.
(并列被动语态)
No:
AsayoungmanhehadbeentoShanghai,fightingintheAnti-JapaneseWar,andfollowingtheNationalistPartytoChongking.
Yes:
AsayoungmanhehadbeentoShanghai,hadfoughtintheAnti-JapaneseWarandhadfollowedtheNationalistPartytoChongking.
(并列过去完成时)
No:
Janeispretty,withbrownhair,andhasagracefulmanner.
Yes:
Janeispretty,brown-haired,andgraceful.
(形容词平行结构)
No:
Heleftthecitybecauseofhislackofsuccessinbusiness,thedepartureofhisfriendsandbecausehishealthdeterioratedrapidly.
Yes:
Heleftthecitybecauseofhislackofsuccessinbusiness,thedepartureofhisfriendsandhisrapidlyfailinghealth.
(作宾语的名词平行结构)
No:
Theyboughtthehouseforlocationandaffordability.
Yes:
Theyboughtthehousebecauseofitslocationanditsaffordability.
(并列名词;注意代词的所有格)
No:
WhydidyoumakeXiaoZhangfeeluselessandasifhewasunimportant?
Yes:
WhydidyoumakeXiaoZhangfeeluselessandunimportant?
(形容词的平行结构)
No:
Thiscouldbeaproblemforboththewinnersandforthosewholose.
Yes:
Thiscouldbeaproblemforboththewinnersandlosers.
(名词平行结构)
No:
Theprisonerwasnotonlyfoundguiltyofbriberybutalsoadultery.
Yes:
Theprisonerwasfoundguiltynotonlyofbriberybutalsoofadultery.
(并列介词短语)
为使平行结构清楚明了,随时都可以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志,或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。
Awkward:
IadmireTennysonfortheidealsinhispoemsbutnothisstyle.
Improved:
IadmireTennysonfortheidealsinhispoemsbutnotforhisstyle.
Awkward:
Thesentencesaredifficulttounderstand,notbecausetheyarelongbuttheyareobscure.
Improved:
Thesentencesaredifficulttounderstand,notbecausetheyarelongbutbecausetheyareobscure.
Awkward:
Heexplainedthattheadvertisingcampaignhadbeensuccessful,businesshadincreasedmorethanfortypercent,andadditionalcapitalwassorelyneeded.
Improved:
Heexplainedthattheadvertisingcampaignhadbeensuccessful,thatbusinesshadincreasedmorethanfortypercent,andthatadditionalcapitalwassorelyneeded.
在商业和正式文件写作中,越来越多的用到圆点散句。
除了更易读之外,它们更能从视觉上引起人们注意。
作者需要决定在圆点之后用什么形式来写,是用名词,动词,形容词,副词,还是介词短语,定语从句甚至完整的句子。
应该记住的是它们相互间应该保持一致。
平行结构较多用。
Examples:
Ourrecommendationsforimprovingcomputer-usercomfortareasfollows:
Anti-radiationscreensshouldbeavailableforcomputermonitors.
Wristsupportsshouldbeusedtohelpmaintainproperwristpositionduringcomputeruseandpossiblyreducetheriskofcarpaltunnelsyndrome.
Employeesneedadjustablechairswithastrongerbacksupport.
·(主谓一致结构)
Whatmakesmedifferentfromotherjobapplicants?
AbilitytoconverseinEnglish,JapaneseinadditiontomynativeMandarin
Completionoftwo-monthcustomersatisfactiontraining
Impeccablemedicalreportcard
Outgoingpersonalityandeagerdesiretohelp
·(名词平行结构)
Awkward:
AtYiXinAssociates,wehave15yearsofcombinedlegalexperienceinalltypesofinjurycasesonecanthinkof.Otherareaswehandlearewrongfuldeath,automobileaccidentsandmedicalmalpractice.Ifyouslipandfallinapublicbuilding,wecanrepresentyouinfilingalawsuitagainsttheowner.Also,ourclientscometoseekourhelpinhandicapdiscriminationanddenialofinsuranceclaimcases.
Better:
AtYiXinAssociates,wehave15yearsofcombinedlegalexperiencein:
Allinjurycases
Wrongfuldeath
Automobileaccidents
Medicalmalpractice
Slipandfall
Handicapdiscrimination
Denialofinsuranceclaims
·
Incorrect:
ThedutiesoftheExecutiveSecretaryoftheAdministrativeCommitteeare:
Totakeminutesofallmeetings(不定式短语)
TheExecutiveSecretaryanswersallthecorrespondence;and(句子)
Writingofmonthreports.(话题)
·
Correct:
ThedutiesoftheExecutiveSecretaryoftheAdministrativeCommitteeare:
Totakeminutesofallmeetings;
Toanswerallthecorrespondence;and
Towritemonthlyreports.
·
精典范例:
Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoe1alike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans,borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage,andunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthosehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld.
Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness,andthatsincerityisalwayssubjecttoproof.Letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.
Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain-notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed2;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare3;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,ayearinandyearout"rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation,"astruggle4againstthecommonenemiesofman:
5tyranny,poverty,disease,andwaritself.
Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou6;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.
--美国前总统JohnF.Kennedy
注意:
(1)划线部分为平行结构
(2)例1.头韵;例2&3."Weneedarms"和"Weareembattled"为倒装结构;例4.同位语;例5.见冒号的用法。
在句中使用"and"或"on"时,须连接结构相同的部分。
总的原则是:
词与词相配,短语和短语相配,从句和从句相配,句子则和句子放在一起。
所有这些搭配必须是平行结构,它们应采用相同的形式。
No:
MyparentswenttoTibet,toMongolia,andtheyevensawHongKongandMacau.
Yes:
MyparentswenttoTibet,toMongolia,andeventoHongKongandMacau.
No:
JonathannoticedthewayStephanietalkedandhowshekeptfidgetingwithherfingers.
Yes:
JonathannoticedhowStephanietalkedandhowshekeptfidgetingwithherfingers.
一些连词,如both/and,either/or,neither/nor,和notonly/butalso.常用于连接平行结构。
No:
Thatconferencewasbothhelpfulandcontainedalotofinformation.
Yes:
Thatconferencewasbothhelpfulandinformative.
No:
Hereweeitherturnleftorright,butIforgetwhich.
Yes:
Herewetur