english essy.docx

english essy.docx

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In1939twobrothers,MacandDickMcDonald,startedadrive-inrestaurantinSanBernadino,California.Theycarefullychoseabusycornerfortheirlocation.Theyhadruntheirownbusinessesforyears,firstatheater,thenabarbecue（烤肉）restaurant,andthenanotherdrive-in.Butintheirnewoperation,theyofferedanew,shortenedmenu:

Frenchfries,hamburgers,andsodas.Tothissmallselectiontheyaddedonenewconcept:

quickservice,nowaitersorwaitresses,andnotips.

　　Theirhamburgerssoldforfifteencents.Cheesewasanotherfourcents.TheirFrenchfriesandhamburgershadaremarkableuniformity,forthebrothershaddevelopedastrictroutineforthepreparationoftheirfood,andtheyinsistedontheircooks'stickingtotheirroutine.Theirnewdrive-inbecameincrediblypopular,particularlyforlunch.Peopledroveupbythehundredsduringthebusynoontime.Theself-servicerestaurantwassopopularthatthebrothershadallowedtencopiesoftheirrestauranttobeopened.TheywerewiththismodestsuccessuntiltheymetRayKroc.

　　KrocwasasalesmanwhomettheMcDonaldbrothersin1954,whenhewassellingmilkshake-mixingmachines.Hequicklysawtheuniqueappealofthebrothers'fast-foodrestaurantsandboughttherighttofranchise（特许经营）othercopiesoftheirrestaurants.Theagreementstruckincludedtherighttoduplicatethemenu.Theequipment,eventheirredandwhitebuildingswiththegoldenarches（拱门）.

　　TodayMcDonald'sisreallyahouseholdname.ItsnamesforitssandwicheshavecometomeanhamburgerinthedecadessincethedayRayKrocwatchedpeoplerushuptoorderfifteen-centhamburgers.In1976,McDonald'shadover$1billionintotalsales.Itsfirsttwenty-twoyearsisoneofthemostincrediblesuccessstoriesinmodernAmericanbusinesshistory.

　　1.Thispassagemainlytalksabout　　　　.

　　A）　thedevelopmentoffastfoodservices

　　B）　howMcDonald'sbecameabillion-dollarbusiness

　　C）　thebusinesscareersofMacandDickMcDonald

　　D）　RayKroc'sbusinesstalent

　　2.MacandDickmanagedallofthefollowingbusinessesexcept　　　.

　　A）adrive-in　　

　　B）acinema　　

　　C）atheater　　

　　D）abarbecuerestaurant

　　3.Wemayinferfromthispassagethat　　　　　.

　　A）MacandDickMcDonaldneverbecamewealthyfortheysoldtheirideatoKroc　　

　　B）ThelocationtheMcDonaldschosewastheonlysourceofthegreatpopularityoftheirdrive-in

　　C）Fortyyearsagotherewerenumerousfast-foodrestaurants

　　D）　RayKrocwasagoodbusinessman

　　4.Thepassagesuggeststhat　　　.

　　A）　creativityisanimportantelementofbusinesssuccess

　　B）　RayKrocwastheclosepartneroftheMcDonaldbrothers

　　C）　MacandDickMcDonaldbecamebrokenaftertheysoldtheirideastoRayKroc

　　D）　Californiaisthebestplacetogointobusiness

　　5.Asusedinthesecondsentenceofthethirdparagraph,theworduniquemeans　　.

　　A）special　　

　　B）financial　　

　　C）attractive　　

　　D）peculiar

You'rebusyfillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let'sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree.Isn'tittemptingtoliejustalittle,toclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegree?

OrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversity?

　　Moreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareers,forpersonnelofficers,likemostAmericans,valuedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanyway,butheorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutoneperweek.

　　Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationforms,then.Ifitturnsoutthatanapplicantslying,mostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.OneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthemimpostors（骗子）;anotherreferstothemasspecialcases.Onewell-knownWestCoastschool,inperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofall,saysthattheseclaimsaremadebynosuchpeople.

　　Toavoidoutright（彻底的）lies,somejob-seekersclaimthattheyattendedorwereassociatedwithacollegeoruniversity.Aftercarefullychecking,apersonnelofficermaydiscoverthatattendingmeansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethatbeingassociatedwithacollegemeansthatthejob-seekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury-that'swhentheybegankeepingrecords,anyhow.

　　Ifyoudon'twanttolieorevenstretchthetruth,therearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphony（假的）diploma.Onecompany,withofficesinNewYorkandontheWestCoast,willputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnon-existentcolleges.ThepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafromSmootStateUniversity.ThepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromtheUniversityofPurdue.AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaproperlycalledPurdueUniversity,thepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper.

　　6.Themainideaofthispassageisthat　　　　　.

　　A）　employersarecheckingmorecloselyonapplicantsnow

　　B）　lyingaboutcollegedegreeshasbecomeawidespreadproblem

　　C）　collegedegreescannowbepurchasedeasily

　　D）　employersarenolongerinterestedincollegedegrees

　　7.Accordingtothepassage,specialcasesrefertocaseswhere　　　　　.

　　A）　studentsattendaschoolonlypart-time

　　B）　studentsneverattendedaschooltheylistedontheirapplication

　　C）　studentspurchasefalsedegreesfromcommercialfilms

　　D）　studentsattendedafamousschool

　　8.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat　　　　　　.

　　A）　performanceisabetterjudgeofabilitythatthanacollegedegree

　　B）　experienceisthebestteacher

　　C）　pastworkhistoriesinfluencepersonnelofficersmorethandegreesdo

　　D）　adegreefromafamousschoolenablesanapplicanttogainadvantageoverothersinjobpetition

　　9.Thispassageimpliesthat　　　　　　.

　　A）　buyingafalsedegreeisnotmoral

　　B）　personnelofficersonlyconsiderapplicantsfromfamousschools

　　C）　mostpeoplelieonapplicationsbecausetheyweredismissedfromschool

　　D）　societyshouldbegreatlyresponsibleforlyingonapplications

　　10.Asusedinthefirstlineofthesecondparagraph,theworduttermeans　　　.

　　A）address　　

　　B）thorough　　

　　C）ultimate　　

D）decisive

EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasfault（断层）,whichconstantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwithearthquakes.ButhowmanypeopleknowabouttheseriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri?

　　BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812,threemajorearthquakesoccurred,allcenteredaroundthetownofNewMadrid,Missouri,ontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewassevere.Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestroyed.Wholeforestsfellatonce,andhugecracksopenedintheground,allowingsmellofsulfur（硫磺）tofilterupward.

　　TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacter,developingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesitchangeditscourse,andonce,accordingtosomeobservers,itactuallyappearedtorunbackwards.FewpeoplewerekilledintheNewMaridearthquakes,probablysimplybecausefewpeoplelivedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearthquakesareshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurchtowersinCharleston,SouthCarolina,onthecoast.BuildingsshookinNewYorkCity,andclockswerstoppedinWashington,D.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica'stwomajorfaultsareessentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundarybetweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginoppositedirections.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementofthesetwomassessuddenlylurches（倾斜）forward.

　　TheNewMadridfault,ontheotherhand,isaverticalfault;atsomepoints,possiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsago,rockwaspusheduptowardthesurface,probablybyvolcanoesunderthesurface.Suddenly,thevolcanoescooledandtherockcollapsed,leavinghugecracks.Evennow,therockcontinuestosettledownwards,andsuddensinkingmotionstrigger（触发）earthquakesintheregion.Thefaultitself,alargecrackinthislayerofrock,withdozensofothercracksthatsplitofffromit,extendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriandintosouthernlllinois.

　　ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehavebeennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;thesesmallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycoming,butthescientistssayhavenomethodofpredictingwhenalargeearthquakewilloccur.

　　11.Thispassageismainlyabout　　　　.

　　A）theNewMadridfaultinMissouri　　

　　B）theSanAndreasandtheNewMadridfaults

　　C）thecausesoffaults　　　　　　　

　　D）currentscientificknowledgeaboutfaults

　　12.TheNewMadridfaultis　　　　　.

　　A）　ahorizontalfault

　　B）　averticalfault

　　C）　amoreseriousfaultthantheSanAndreasfault

　　D）　responsibleforformingtheMississippiRiver

　　13.Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat　　　　　.

　　A）　itisprobablyasdangeroustoliveinMissouriasinCalifornia

　　B）　theNewMadridfaultwilleventuallydevelopamountainrangeinMissouri

　　C）　Californiawillbecomeanislandinfuture

　　D）　AbigearthquakewilloccurtoCaliforniasoon

　　14.Thispassageimpliesthat　　　　　　.

　　A）　horizontalfaultsaremoredangerousthanverticalfaults.

　　B）　Verticalfaultsaremoredangerousthanhori