20century imagism.docx

20century imagism.docx

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20centuryimagism

20-century

Ezrapound

|Aleadingspokesmanofthe“ImagistMovement”,hewasoneofthemostimportantpoetsinhistime.

|OftenidentifiedasthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.

|Hewasundoubtedlyagenius.Aftergraduatingfromuniversity,hehadmasteredninelanguages.

|By1920,heregardedhimselfasapermanentexpatriate.

|By1912,hewastheauthorofsevenvolumeswhichidentifiedhimasadistinctpoeticpersonality,whocombinedacommandoftheoldertraditionwithimpressiveandoftendaringoriginality.

|In1924PoundleftParisforItaly,attractedbyMussolini’sfaithlesspromisesofdemocraticstatesocialism.

|Hewasaccusedoftreason,butonexaminationhewasdeclaredinsane.（p.157）

|“ThepointofImagism,”Poundwrotein1914,“isthatitdoesnotuseimagesasornaments.Theimageitselfisthespeech.Theimageisthewordbeyondformulatedlanguage.”ObviouslytheprimaryImagistobjectiveistoavoidrhetoricandmoralizing,tostickcloselytotheobjectorexperiencebeingdescribed,andtomoveexplicitgeneralization.

maginismfeature

|Withaspiritofrevoltagainstconventions,imagismwasanti-romanticandanti-Victorian.Victorianpoetrywascharacteristicofmoralizingtendencies,overpaddingofextra-poeticmatter,andtraditionaliambicpentameter.Butimagismstressedfreechoiceofsubjectmatters.

|Imagismproducedfreeversewithoutimposingarhythmicalpattern.

|Inasense,imagismwasequivalenttonaturalisminfiction.

|Imagismtriedtorecordobjectiveobservationsofanobjectorasituationwithoutinterpretationorcommentbythepoet.

|“Animageisanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.”理智与情感瞬间的综合物

Inthestationofthemetro

|Thefamousone-imagepoem.

|ItisanobservationofthepoetofthehumanfacesseeninaParissubwaystation.

|ThislittlepoemlookstobeamodernadoptionoftheJapanesehaiku（俳句）.Poundwroteanaccountofitscomposition,however,whichclaimsthatthepoem’sformwasdeterminedbytheexperiencethatinspiredit,evolvingorganicallyratherthanbeingchosenarbitrarily.Metro:

Parissubway

|Apparition:

avisibleappearanceofsomethingnotpresent,andespeciallyofadeadperson

|本诗被公认为意象派诗歌的代表作，完美地体现了主客观的结合，精确性和暗示性的结合。

众所周知，意象派的三原则是：

直接表现事物，不论所表现的内容是主观或是客观；不使用无助于表现的词；采用音乐性短句，不用节拍器的节奏写作

Robertfrost

|OneofthemajorAmericanpoetsofthe20thcentury

|BorninSFandmovedtoNE

|EducatedatDartmouthCollegeandHarvardUniversity

|In1912hesoldhisfarmandmovedtoEngland,andhemetPoundtherewhohelpedhimpublishhisfirsttwovolumesofpoetryinEngland.

Achieve

|WonPulitzerPrizefourtimes（1924,1931,1937,and1943）

|Thefirstpoettoreadapoematapresidentialinauguration（1961,JohnF.Kennedy,thepoemwasentitled“TheGiftOutright”）

|Whenhediedin1963,thepublicmournedagentlewriterofsimplepastorallyrics.

Style

HispoetryisbasedmainlyuponthelifeandsceneryofruralNE,andthelanguageofhisversereflectsthecompactidiomofthatregion.

|Althoughheconcentratedonordinarysubjectmatter,hisemotionalrangeiswideanddeep,andheiscapableofshiftinginthesamepoemfromatoneofhumorousbanter（善意的取笑）tothepassionateexpressionoftragicexperience.

|TheunderlyingphilosophyofhispoetryisrootedintraditionalNEindividualism,andhisworksshowshisstrongsympathyforthevaluesofearlyAmericansociety.

|Hewasabletocapturebrilliantlythevariouscontours（特征）ofnaturallandscapesandofteninvestedthesimplestoftheselandscapeswithsymbolicmeaning.

|Heusedoldformsinnewways.

|Hisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties,andhispoetry,forallitsapparentsimplicity,oftenprobesmysteriesofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniversewheremenstandalone,unaidedandperplexed.

|ItwouldbeamistaketoimaginethatFrostiseasytounderstandbecauseheiseasytoread.Profoundideasaredeliveredunderthedisguiseoftheplainlanguageandthesimpleform.

Theroadnottaken

Thispoemisaboutuncertaintyandthedifficultyofchoice.

Stoppingbywoods

|Inthispoem,Frostoffersmorethanacalmandvividdescriptionofawinterscene.Theremightverywellbeaprimal（主要的，首要的）conflictlurkinginthegeographyofthepoem---aconflictthatonceagainforcesthepoettoconfronttwodivergingroads.

CarlSandburg

Borninahealthyandaffectionatefamily,thoughverypoor.

Obligedtoleaveschoolandworkedatvariousjobs.

OncethepoliticalorganizerfortheSocialDemocrats,areformparty

in1913hewenttoChicagoonaneditorialengagement,andbecameillustriousamongthewriterswhowerefosteringanewliteratureinthatcity.

“Chicago”appearedin1914inPoetry:

AMagazineofVerse

ChicagoPoems1916

Cornhuskers1918

SmokeandSteel1920,whichconfirmedhispositionasthepoetofthecommonpeople

TheAmericanSongbag1927

SlabsoftheSunburntWest1922

ThePeople,Yes1936

Twoaspects

Booksforchildren

RootabagaStories1922

RootabagaPigeons1923

PotatoFace1930

EarlyMoon1930

Biography

AbrahamLincoln:

ThePrairieYears1926

AbrahamLincoln:

TheWarYears1930

WallaceStevens

☐AnunusualpoetinmodernAm.literaryhistory

☐Lateinstarting;his1stmajorvolumeofpoetrywasnotpublisheduntilhewas44.

Hissuccess

☐Hewassuccessfulintwofieldsofactivitywhichdidnotseemcompatiblewithoneanother.

⏹Successfulbusinessman,vicepresidentinaninsurancecompany

⏹Atthesametime,writepoetryofakindwhichwastomakehimafather-figureamongcontemporarypoet.

Hisnotion

☐Apoetlivesintwoworlds

⏹Theworldofreality

⏹Theworldofimagination

☐Andhebuildsbridgesbetweenthetwo.

Theme

☐Hewassoobsessedwiththeinterrelationshipbetweenrealityandartthatakeytounderstandinghispoetryandcriticismliesinrealizingthatthisisaverybasicthemeforhim.

☐Stevensdealsrepeatedlyinhispoetrywiththeroleofthepowerofimagination.Heseestheroleofthepoetas“Picnickingintheruinsthatwelive,”whichisanotherwayofsayingthatapoetshouldfindbeautyandpleasureandexcitementandmeaninginthesordidnessofreality.

Anecdoteofajar

☐Ittookdominioneverywhere.

Thejarwasgrayandbare.

Itdidnotgiveofbirdorbush,

LikenothingelseinTennessee.

☐Astrangepoemandnoteasytointerpret

☐Thepoetwasratheropposedtotellingpeoplewhathispoemsmeant.

☐Thepoemseemstobetalkingabouttherelationshipbetweenartandnature.

☐Theworldofnature,shapelessandslovenly,takesshapeandorderfromthepresenceofthejar.

Jar

☐Theworldofartandimaginationgivesformandmeaningtothatofnatureandreality,thussuggesting,

⏹thatanysocietywithoutartisonewithoutorderand

⏹thatmanmakestheorderheperceives,andtheworldheinhabitsisonehehalfcreates.

F.ScottFitzgerald

♦FamousAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,andessayist

♦theprophet/spokesmanoftheJazzAge

♦Otherinformationabouthislife:

（seetxb.P.225）

♦ThisSideofParadise（1920）人间天堂

♦TheBeautifulandDamned（1922）美丽的和倒霉的

♦TheGreatGatsby（1925）伟大的盖茨比、大人物盖茨比、灯红绿渺

♦TenderistheNight（1934）夜色温柔

♦TheLastofTycoon（1941）最后的巨头

Achieve’

♦Fitzgeraldisgenerallyregardedasthespokesmanofthe1920s,thepeculiardecadethatcombinedthepostwareconomicboomandthesenseofspiritualdisorientation.Hewasbothaleadingparticipantinthetypicallypleasure-seekingandmoney-makinglifeofthe1920s,andatthesametime,hewasaself-consciouswriterwithdetachedobservationofit.Sohewasthemostrepresentativewriteroffictioninthe1920s,thespokesmanofthe“roaring20s”.

Americandream

♦ItmeansthatinAmericaonemighthopetosatisfyeverymaterialdesireandtherebyachievehappiness.Itisdeceptivebecauseitproposesthesatisfactionofalldesiresasanattainablegoalandidentifiesdesirewithmaterial.Fitzgeraldoncesaid,“America’sgreatpromiseisthatsomething’sgoingtohappen,butitneverdoes.Americaisthemoonthatneverrose.”Thisindictment（控诉，谴责）oftheAmericanDreamcouldwellserveasanepigraph（格言）forTheGreatGatsby.

ThegreatGatsby

♦WritteninEuropeandpublishedinApril,1925

♦ItisnotonlyhisbestnovelandanimportantAmericanclassic.

♦InithemadeexcellentuseadevicegenerallyemployedbyEnglishratherthanbyAmericannovelist---amoreorlessdisinterested（冷漠的）narratoronlyperipherally（次要地，外围地）involvedintheaction.

Nickcaraway

♦Narrator,Gatsby’sneighbor,asomewhatdistantcousinofDaisy’s

♦Throughhiseyeweseethestoryunfold.

♦Withhimwewatchthestorydevelop.

♦Hepiecestogethersomeoftheearlyeventswhichmaketheactionofthestorygrow

JayGatsby

♦Hepursueshisdreamofromanticsuccesswithouteverunderstandingthatithasescapedhim.

♦Hefailstounderstandthathecannotrecapturethepast（hisfresh,newloveforDaisyBuchanan）nomatterhowmuchmoneyhemakes,nomatterhowmuchwealthhedisplays.

♦Gatsbyisthelastoftheromanticheroes,whoseenergyandsenseofcommitmenttakeshiminsearchofhispersonalgrail（长期追求的目标）;Gatsby’sfailuremagnifiestoagreatextenttheendoftheAmericanDream.Howeverhopeandexpectationstillexistasshownbythecentralsymbolinthenovel:

thegreenlight.

Theme

♦Theinitiationthemegovernsthenarrator.Gatsby’stragedyisNick’seducation.HisreturntotheMidwestisamoralreturntothesafer,moresolidvaluesoftheheartland.

♦Thefrontiertheme（finalparagraph）

♦Classissuesareverywellpresented.

ErnestHemin