A Stereotypic Explanatory Bias Study of College Students Occupational Gender Stereotype.docx

A Stereotypic Explanatory Bias Study of College Students Occupational Gender Stereotype.docx

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AStereotypicExplanatoryBiasStudyofCollegeStudentsOccupationalGenderStereotype

AStereotypicExplanatoryBiasStudyofCollegeStudents’OccupationalGenderStereotype

　　Abstract

　　UsingStereotypicExplanatoryBias（SEB），thepresentstudyinvestigatedcollegestudents’occupationalgenderstereotype.Itwasfoundedthatthereuniversallyexistedoccupationalgenderstereotypeamongcollegestudents；NodifferenceingenderwasfoundinimplicitoccupationalgenderstereotypebySEB；NodifferenceingradewasfoundinimplicitoccupationalgenderstereotypebySEB；peopletendtogivemoreinternalattributionregardlessofthecontextandthegenderofthebehavior’ssubject.

　　Keywords：

Occupationalgenderstereotype；Stereotypicexplanatorybias；Collegestudents；Attribution

　　Guo，Y.，&He，X.C.（2015）.AStereotypicExplanatoryBiasStudyofCollegeStudents’OccupationalGenderStereotype.CanadianSocialScience，11（3），-0.Availablefrom：

http：

//

　　DOI：

http：

//dx.doi.org/10.3968/6468

　　INTRODUCTION

　　Occupationalgenderstereotypestillexistsnowadays.Peoplemayadmitexplicitlythatwomencanmakethesameachievementsasmeninsomeareas，however，thetraditionaloccupationalgenderstereotypestillexistsimplicitly，anddirectspeople’sdailythoughtsandbehaviorsinanautomaticway.Theresearchnowadayshasgonebeyondtheoccupationalstereotypeandgenderstereotype，thecollegestudents’occupationalgenderstereotypewasconcernedbysomescholars.Occupationalgenderstereotypeisaprejudgmentaboutmenandwomenengagedincertainoccupationsaftertheclassificationofoccupation，whichhasadirectinfluenceonpeople’scognition，attribution，motivation，behaviorandchoiceofoccupation（Zhu，2010）.Asaformofstereotype，occupationalgenderstereotypehashighstability，onceformed，itisnoteasytobechanged.Generally，menareconsideredtobestrong，independent，brave，andsuitableforchallengingandstressfulwork，suchaslawyers，doctors，managers，etc；womenareconsideredtobemild，delicate，timid，introverted，andsuitablefortheserviceortrivialwork，suchassecretaries，nurses，teachers，etc..（Wang，2010）

　　Earlierstudiesontheoccupationalgenderstereotypemainlyusedirectlyexplicitmeasurement.Butpeopleareoftenforcedbythepressureofsocialevaluation，andunwillingtoadmitthattheyhaveoccupationalgenderstereotype，thereforeexplicitmeasurementresultsmaynotreflectthepeople’srealattitude.Withtheintroductionoftheresearchmethodsofimplicitmeasurementattheendofthe20thcentury，moreandmorepsychologistsbelievethatoccupationalgenderstereotypeisassociatedwiththeimplicitsocialcognition.Themethodscommonlyusedtoresearchoccupationalgenderstereotypearelatencyjudgmenttechnology，projectiontest，ImplicitAssociationTest（IAT），wordcompletion，falsereputationmethod，etc..（Li，2007）Amongthem，IAThashighvalidityandreliability，andcanbeusedtomeasurethoughtsandattitudesthathavenotdirectcontactwithpositiveornegative，soIATisappliedwidelyinthefieldofimplicitsocialcognition.　　However，withtheprogressoftheresearch，theshortcomingsofIATaregraduallyexposed.ManyresearchresultssupportedthereliabilityandvalidityofIAT，buttheoperationindexesdidn’tgiveareasonableexplanationaboutitsoperationmechanism.KarpinskiandHilto（2001）foundthatthemeasurementresultsofIATcouldn’tpredictthosebehaviorsrelatedtotheimplicitattitudesignificantly.JustwhentheIATwasappliedwidelyandquestioned，StereotypicExplanatoryBias（SEB）isappliedgraduallyinthefieldofimplicitsocialcognition.SEBwasbasedontheexplanatorybiasputforwardbyHastie（1984），Hastiebelievedthatpersonswouldgivemoreexplainingattributionsinthesituationthatwasinconsistentwiththeiroccupationalgenderstereotype，sothattheinconsistentsituationcouldbeexplainedreasonably.AttributionisakeyprobleminSEBmeasurement，SEBscoresarealsoprovidedbytheexplainingquantitiesandtheattributeproperties.Theresearchesaboutattributioncandatebacktothe1983.Kulikfoundpeopletendedtogiveenvironmentalattributionratherthanpersonalattributionwhentheirbehaviorswerenotconsistentwiththeexpectedbehaviors（Liu，1998）.ComparedwiththeIAT，SEBhassomeparticularadvantages，suchascombiningwiththesituation，reflectingtheimplicitattitudenaturally，highexternalvalidity，goodpredictability，etc.TheSEBhasbeenwildlyusedinthestudyoftheoccupationalgenderstereotype.

　　ThisstudyadoptsSEBtoexploretheoccupationalgenderstereotypeofthecollegestudents，anddiscussesgenderdifference，gradedifferenceandinternalorexternalattributiontendency.

　　1.MATERIALSANDMETHODS

　　1.1Participants

　　Wetested64collegestudentsinChengdurandomly（28malesand36females）.Thesamplescovered15freshmen，14sophomores，16juniorsand19seniors.

　　1.2Materials

　　BasedonthetheoryofSEB，wedevelopedaquestionnaire（Yu&Liang，2005）.Thequestionnaireismadeupof25sentencesrequiredtofilloutthereason，participantsneedtofilloutthereasonaccordingtoresults.25sentencesaredividedinto16sentencesofSEBand9irrelevantsentencesaccordingtowhetherthesentencehasspecificrelationswiththeoccupationalgenderstereotype.16SEBsentencesareconsistof8subjectsoftypicallymalename，suchasDengGuoqiang，and8subjectsoftypicallyfemalename，suchasXuFang.9irrelevantsentencesdon’thaveobviousinformationaboutgender，suchasXiaoHe.Everygendergroupisconsistof4sentencesconsistentwithoccupationalgenderstereotypeand4sentencesinconsistentwithoccupationalgenderstereotype，atthesametime，thesesentenceshavebothnegativesideandpositiveside.TheSEBscoresarecalculatedasfollows：

eachattributionstandsforonepoint，sumupalltheattributionswhicharedividedinto2kindsofSEBscoresconsistentorinconsistentwithoccupationalgenderstereotype，thenwecangettheultimateSEBscoresbyusingtheinconsistentscorestominustheconsistentone.MoreSEBscoresindicatethatpersonsgivemoreexplainingattributionsinthesentencecontextinconsistentwithoccupationalgenderstereotype，thatistosay，occupationalgenderstereotypeexertsagreaterimpactoninformationprocessing.Inaddition，wecanfindtheoccupationalgenderstereotypeaccordingtointernalorexternalattributionsontheSEBsentence.　　Thetest-retestreliabilityofthequestionnaireis0.75（p<.001）afteranintervaloftwoweeks，thehomogeneityreliabilityis0.728.Thetwokindsofreliabilitiesmeetthetestrequirementsofthepreparation.Similarly，Yu（2005）developedasimilarquestionnaireaccordingtotheSEBtheory，thetest-retestreliabilityis0.85，thehomogeneityreliabilityis0.875.

　　1.3Procedure

　　Thequestionnairewascarriedoutinstrictaccordancewiththepsychologicaltestprocedure.Theinstructionswereunifiedbeforefillingoutthequestionnaire，andallparticipantswereaskedtofinishitindependently.

　　1.4DataProcessing

　　Weinvited2psychologyexpertstoreviewthequestionnaire，andalldatawerestatisticallyanalyzedbyusingSpss20.0.

　　2.RESULTS

　　2.1TheOverallSEBScores

　　InthecalculationoftheoverallSEBscores，wefirstlycalculatethefourtypesofexplainingquantitiesinSEBsentences：

Whentheresultsofbehaviorsofthetypicalfemaleactorareconsistentwiththeoccupationalgenderstereotype，wemarktheexplainingquantitiesforFF；whentheresultsofbehaviorsofthetypicalfemaleactorareinconsistentwiththeoccupationalgenderstereotype，wemarktheexplainingquantitiesforFM；whentheresultsofbehaviorsofthetypicallymaleactorareconsistentwiththeoccupationalgenderstereotype，wemarktheexplainingquantitiesforMM；whentheresultsofbehaviorsofthetypicallymaleactorareinconsistentwiththeoccupationalgenderstereotype，wemarktheexplainingquantitiesforMF.Inlightofmaleandfemalegroups，eachparticipantcangettwoSEBscores：

SEB1andSEB2，SEB1=FM-FF，SEB2=MF-MM，64SEB1scoresand64SEB2scorescanbeobtainedrespectively.Andthen，differencetestisgivenbetweenthetwoSEBscoresand0.Ifthedifferenceissignificant，itindicatesthattheattributionprocessisaffectedbytheoccupationalgenderstereotype，andviceversa.ThespecificSEB1scoresandSEB2scoresarereportedinTable1.

　　FromtheTable1，wecanknowthatSEB1andSEB2areallsignificantlygreaterthan0（p　　2.2DifferencesinGenderandGradeofSEBScores

　　Atwo-wayANOVAiscarriedoutontheSEB1scoresandSEB2scoresrespectivelyinTable2，whichindicatesthatnodifferencesingenderorgradewerefoundinoccupationalgenderstereotypebySEB，theinteractionbetweenthedifferentgendersanddifferentgradesisofnosignificance.

　　2.3InternalandExternalAttributionPropertiesofSEB

　　Throughtheconcreteanalysisofattributionpropertiesaimingto16SEBprojectsinthequestionnaire，wecanalsoknowwhetherparticipantshaveoccupationalgenderstereotypesornot.TheinternalandexternalattributionpropertiesofSEBarereportedin

　　Assessingwithchi-squarestatisticsaccountsofattributioninthepositivesituationfromTable3（χ2=49.236，P<.01），wecanknowthattheaccountsofinternalattributionaboutmaleactorsinthepositivesituationaresignificantlygreaterthantheaccountsofinternalattributionaboutfemaleactorsinthepositivesituation.Similarly，assessingwithchi-squarestatisticsaccountsofattributioninthenegativesituationfromTable4（χ2=7.998，P<.01），wecanknowthattheacc