国际港口物流中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

国际港口物流中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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国际港口物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

原文：

AnAnalysisoftheefficiencyandCompetitivenessofVietnamesePortSystem

ABSTRACT

Ports,asoneoftheimportantlinksbetweendifferentmodesoftransportwithinthelogisticschain,havespecialessencesincetheirefficiencyandcompetitivenesswillcertainlyhaveanimpactonthechain,andhencethenationalandregionaleconomy.Vietnam,asadevelopingcountrygraduallyintegratingintotheregionalandglobaleconomy,isrationalizingitseconomicsectors,includingtransportation.Inthisenvironment,portsplayavitalroleforthepurposeofachievingcomparativeadvantagesintheinternationalmarket.However,theVietnameseportsystemisburdenedwithoutdatedworkpractices,lowefficiencyandpoorcompetitivenesscomparedtootherportsintheregion.ThispaperidentifiessomeoftheproblemsintheVietnameseportsystemandproposesstrategiestoaddressthem.

Keywords:

Vietnam,port,efficiency,competitiveness,analysis

INTRODUCTION

Thepaperisorganizedinfourmainsections.ThefirstpartsetsthegeneralbackgroundandoverviewonportgeographyinVietnam.ThesecondsectionaddressestheissuesofefficiencyandcompetitivenessoftheVietnameseportsystem.Thethirdpartproposessomedevelopmentstrategiesbasedonpreviousdiscussions,followedbythelastsectionthatsumsupthepaper.

Generalbackground

VietnamislocatedintheIndochinapeninsulainSouthEastAsiaandsharestheborderswithChinaintheNorth,LaosandCambodiaintheWestandhasherEastcoastfacingtheSouthChinaSea.Thecountryissituatedwithinthetropicalzoneandhasatropicalmonsoonclimate.AsVietnamisanarrowandlongcountrystretchingfromthesouthofChinadowntotheGulfofThailand,theseasonsalsovaryfromthenorthtothesouthofthecountry.Inthenorth,therearevisiblyfourseasons;however,thesouthernpartofthecountryexperiencesonlytwoseasonsallyearround,namelythetropicaldryandthetropicalwet.Asfarastidalregimesareconcerned,portsinthenorthseemainlythediurnaltidalregimewhileinthecentralregionthereisacombinationofsemi-diurnal,irregularsemi-diurnalandirregulardiurnalregimes.Inthesouth,thetidalregimesinexistencearesemi-diurnalandirregularsemi-diurnal.

BriefoverviewonportgeographyinVietnam

Vietnamhasmorethan3,000kilometresofcoastlinestretchingfromnorthtosouthofthecountry.TheVietnameseportsystemconsistsofbothportsalongthecoastlineandtheoneslocatedonrivers.AccordingtoVietnamMaritimeBureau（VINAMARINE,2003）,therearecurrentlymorethan90portswhichcanreceivevesselsoninternationalvoyagesandseveraldozenofotherportsforinternaltrade.TheVietnamPortAssociation（VPA），whichnowhas40membersallofwhomarecapableofservingvesselsoninternationalvoyages,hastheannualcargothroughputofmorethan80%ofthecountry’stotal.

AnalysisoftheVietnamesePortSystem

InthispartofthestudytheefficiencyandcompetitivenessoftheVietnameseportsystemwillbeanalysedanddiscussed.Themainissuesinvolvingportinstitutionalandadministrativeregimes,aswellasportoperationandmanagementwillbecoveredtorevealthecontemporaryproblemsasfarasefficiencyandcompetitivenessareconcerned.Wherenecessary,comparisonwillbeconductedbetweentheVietnameseportsandsomeothersintheASEANandESCAPregiontofurtherillustratetheanalysisanddiscussion.

Institutionalandadministrativeissues

Fromaholisticpointofview,theinstitutionalandadministrativeissuesofaportsystemareveryimportanttoprovideinitialinformationaboutitsefficiencyandcompetitiveness.Inthissection,differentcategoriesofportmanagementbodyaswellastheroleofportauthoritiesinVietnamwillbeanalysedanddiscussed.

PortmanagementbodyinVietnam

TheportmanagementsysteminVietnamisverydiversified.Examplesinclude:

VINAMARINE,whichisunderdirectcontrolandmanagementoftheMinistryofTransport,managesthreeports–NgheTinhPort,QuiNhonPortandNhaTrangPort.

VINALINES（VietnamNationalShippingLines）,whichisalsounderdirectcontrolandmanagementoftheMinistryofTransport，isthestate-ownedcompanyresponsibleforshippingactivitiesinVietnam.Itmanages:

HaiPhongPortandQuangNinhPortinthenorth,DaNangPortinthecentral,SaiGonPortandCanThoPortinthesouth.

Localgovernments,suchascitiesandprovinces,alsotakepartinportmanagement.Forinstance,BenNghePortisdirectlyundersupervisionandmanagementofDepartmentofTransportandPublicWorksofHoChiMinhCity.

Somestate-ownedcorporations,whichareundercontrolofprovincesandcities,alsomanageports.ThisisthecaseofHonKhoiPortmanagedbyasaltcompanyundercontrolofPeople’sCommitteeofKhanhHoaprovince.

TheparticipationofprivatesectorinportmanagementinVietnamisstillverylimited.Nationally,thereareonlytwoportsthathavetheprivatesector’sparticipationsofar:

BaRiaSereceinPhuMy（VungTauprovince）asthejoint-venturebetweenNorway,FrenchandVietnamesepartners;VICTasthejoint-venturebetweenNOLofSingapore,Mitsui&Co.ofJapanandSouthernWaterborneTransportCompanyofVietnam.TheseportsareunderdirectcontrolandmanagementofbothMinistryofTransportandMinistryofPlanningandInvestment.

TheroleofPortAuthority

Thedefinitionofterm‘portauthority’anditsfunctionsinVietnamisverydifferentfromothercountriesintheworld.In1977,aportauthoritywasdefinedas‘State,Municipal,publicorprivatebody,whichislargelyresponsibleforthetasksofconstruction,administrationandsometimestheoperationofportfacilitiesand,incertaincircumstances,forsecurity’（WorldBankPortReformToolkit,2001）.Thisdefinitionissufficientlybroadtoaccommodatethevariousportmanagementmodelsexistingintheworld.Italsoindicatesthattheportauthorityplaysanimportantstrategicrolewithwideresponsibilities.Inmostcases,theportauthorityisthelandowneranditcanworkoutgeneralguidelinesforstrategicdevelopmentofownedportsandterminals.

Portoperationandmanagement

Inparallelwithinstitutionalandadministrativeissuesidentifiedabove,variousoperationalandmanagementproblemsatselectedkeyportscanalsobeenidentified.

Pricingpolicy

ThepracticeofmaritimeduesandfeesatportsinVietnamisalsoasdiversifiedastheportadministrationandmanagementsystem.Currentframeworkoffeesandduesareregulatedbydifferentgovernmentagenciesasfollows:

TheMinistryofFinanceregulatesratesfortonnagefee,aids-to-navigation（ATN）fee,wharfageanddocumentaryfee.

TheGovernment’sPricingCommitteeregulatesratesforpilotage,tugservice,mooringandunmooring,wharfage（elaboratedfromratesregulatedbyMinistryofFinance）,openingandclosinghatches,cleaningofhatches,rubbishcollection,watersupply,tallying,cargohandlingcharge,cargostoragechargeandequipmenthire/leasing.

Tariffanalysis

Thefollowingtablesindicateacomparativeanalysisbetweentwocasesof3,000TEUclassshipand1,100TEUclassshipvisitingportsintheESCAPregion.Porttariffiscomparedintermsofbothnominalexchangerateandpurchasingpowerparity.

Productivity

InordertofurtherexaminetheefficiencyofcurrentVietnameseports,itisnecessarythatsomekeyperformanceindicatorsareanalysed.Thefollowingrecordsindicatecurrenthandlingproductivityinnormalworkingconditions:

ItcanbeclearlyseenfromtheabovethathandlingproductivityatkeyVietnameseports,withtheexceptionofVICT,isstillrelativelylowcomparedwithotherASEANportsintheregionwhichcanreachabout25boxesperunitcranepernetworkinghour.Thiscanbepartlyexplainedbytheabsenceofspecializedhandlingequipmentlikeship-to-shoregantrycranesatsomeports,skillsofcranedrivers,aswellasinternalmanagementproblems.Handlingproductivityatthequayisveryimportantsinceitdirectlyrelatestothevessel’sturnaroundtimeinports,meaningtheeconomicjustificationforshipoperators.However,portsalsohavearesponsibilitytoensureefficiencyintheirlandsideoperationstosustainanybenefitsofefficiencyinquaysideoperations.

Administrativeprocedures

Vietnameseportsareknownfortheircumbersomeadministrativeproceduresforshipsusingtheirservices.BeforethePrimeMinister’sDecreeNo.55/2002/QD-TTgdated23/04/2002onreformofadministrativeproceduresatseaportscameintoeffecton01/07/2002withexperimentalapplicationatSaiGonPort,theship’sagentneededtogathermorethan30typesofdocumentsforashiptovisitVietnameseports.Moreover,itwasalsotime-consumingsincehehadtoarrangehimselftopickupallrelatedagenciessuchasportauthority,customs,immigration,medicalofficeretcforthesameshipandtakethemonboard.Inpractice,ittookabouthalfdaytogatherallnecessaryrelatedagencies,andaboutthesameamountoftimetobringthemonboardandfinishthejob.Thislengthenedtheships’waitingtime.

Thereformofadministrativeproceduresatseaportsstipulatedthattheportauthorityistheagencytocoordinatewithallotherrelatedagencies,andtheship’sagentonlyneedstosubmitnecessarydocumentstotheportauthority.Asaresultofthesereforms,inHoChiMinhCityarea,thenumberofvesselcallshasincreasedby30%afteroneyearofimplementation.However,suchareformhastobeextendedtoallotherports.

Equipmentandfacilities

Facilitiesandequipmentmakeupthe“hardware”ofanyportsandterminals.Althoughtheycannotprovideanactualjudgmentasproductivityandutiliza