专四阅读详解 天生我材必有用.docx

专四阅读详解 天生我材必有用.docx

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专四阅读详解天生我材必有用

星期2Tuesday

Allthingsintheirbeingaregoodforsomething.天生我才必有用。

学习内容

题材

词数

建议时间

错误统计

做题备忘

TextA

行为研究类

394

5.5分钟

/5

TextB

社会工作类

413

6.5分钟

/5

TextC

经济现象类

446

6分钟

/5

TextD

日常生活类

454

7分钟

/5

今日练习

TextA

Thirty-twopeoplewatchedKittyGenovesebeingkilledrightbeneaththeirwindows.Shewastheirneighbor.Yetnoneofthe32helpedher.Notoneevencalledthepolice.Wasthisingunmancruelty?

Wasitlackoffeelingaboutone’sfellowman?

“Notso,”sayscientistsJohnBarleyandBibFatane.Thesemenwentbeyondtheheadlinestoprobethereasonswhypeopledidn’tact.Theyfoundthatapersonhastogothroughtwostepsbeforehecanhelp.Firsthehastonoticethatisanemergency.

Supposeyouseeamiddle-agedmanfalltothesidewalk.Ishehavingaheartattack?

Isheinacomafromdiabetes?

Orisheabouttosleepoffadrunk?

Isthesmokecomingintotheroomfromaleakintheairconditioning?

Isit“steampipes”?

Orisitreallysmokefromafire?

It’snotalwayseasytotellifyouarefacedwitharealemergency.

Second,andmoreimportant,thepersonfacedwithanemergencymustfeelpersonallyresponsible.Hemustfeelthathemusthelp,orthepersonwon’tgetthehelpheneeds.

Theresearchersfoundthatalotdependsonhowmanypeoplearearound.Theyhadcollegestudentsintobe“tested.”Somecamealone.Somecamewithoneortwoothers.Andsomecameinlargegroups.Thereceptioniststartedthemoffonthe“tests”.Thenshewentintothenextroom.Acurtaindividedthe“testingroom”andtheroomintowhichshewent.Soonthestudentsheardascream,thenoiseoffilecabinetsfallingandacryforhelp.Allofthishadbeenpre-recordedonatape-recorder.

Eightoutoftenofthestudentstakingthetestaloneactedtohelp.Ofthestudentsinpairs,onlytwooutoftenhelped.Ofthestudentsingroups,nonehelped.

Inotherwords,inagroup,Americansoftenfailtoact.Theyfeelthatotherswillact.They,themselves,needn’t.Theydonotfeelanydirectresponsibility.Arepeoplebotheredbysituationswherepeopleareintrouble?

Yes.Scientistsfoundthatthepeoplewereemotional,theysweated,andtheyhadtremblinghands.Theyfelttheotherperson’strouble.Buttheydidnotact.Theywereinagroup.Theiractionswereshapedbytheactionsofthosetheywerewith.

1.KittyGenoveseiscitedasanexampleto

[A]showthatthegunmanissocruel.

[B]illustratethatpeoplelacksympathy.

[C]statehowpeoplefeelinemergencies.

[D]explainwhypeoplefailtoactinemergencies.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

[A]Apersonwithaheartattackhasthemostneedofhelp.

[B]Whenapersontriestohelpothers,hemustbeclearthatthereisarealemergency.

[C]Whenapersontriestohelpothers,heshouldknowwhethertheyareworthhishelp.

[D]Apersonmusttakeresponsibilityforthesafetyofthoseinemergenciesifhewantstohelp.

3.Theresearchers’experimentsuggestthatpeoplearemorelikelytoactinemergencieswhen

[A]theyareinpairs.[B]theyareingroups.

[C]theyarealone.[D]theyarewiththeirfriend.

4.Whydopeoplefailtoactwhentheystaytogether?

[A]Theyareafraidofemergencies.

[B]Otherswillactiftheythemselveshesitate.

[C]Theyarenotpreparedtogetthemselvesinvolved.

[D]Theydonotfeeltheyhaveanydirectresponsibility.

5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat

[A]apersonmustfeelguiltyifhefailstohelp.

[B]weshouldn’tblameapersonifhefailstoactinemergencies.

[C]peopleshouldberesponsibleforthemselvesinemergencies.

[D]whenweareintrouble,peoplewillhelpusanyway.

TextB

Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowanunwillinggeneralagreementthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowon,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.

Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.Shouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?

Shouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysofself-respectingpeopletowork?

Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployment?

Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheoffice,ascentersofproductionandwork?

Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadiscouragingthought.But,infact,itcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemployment,asitshistoryshows,hasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.

Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shome.Later,astransportimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peopletraveledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived.

Meanwhile,employmentputwomanatadisadvantage.Itbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofwork,youngpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnow,asmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoleadactivelives.

Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforall,totheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejob.

6.Wecanseefromrecentopinionpollsthat

[A]availableemploymentshouldberestrictedtoasmallpercentageofthepopulation.

[B]newjobsmustbecreatedinordertorectifyhighunemploymentfigures.

[C]jobsavailablemustbedistributedamongmorepeople.

[D]thepresenthighunemploymentfiguresareafactoflife.

7.Whichistheauthor’ssuggestionaboutthefutureemployment？

[A]Weshouldbepreparedtoadmitthatbeingemployedisnottheonlykindofwork.

[B]Weshouldcreatemorefactoriesinordertoincreaseourproductivity.

[C]Smallerprivateenterprisesshouldbesetupsothatweinturncanemployothers.

[D]Thehouseholdandtheneighborhoodshouldbesubstitutedasonlyworkcenters.

8.Whathappenedduringtheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturies？

[A]Peoplewereforcedtoliveinthefactoriesratherthanonthefarm.

[B]Peoplewereforcedtolookelsewhereformeansofsupportingthemselves.

[C]Peoplewerenotadequatelycompensatedforthelossoftheirland.

[D]People’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesbecauseoffactorysystems.

9.WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheconditionsofindustrialageaccordingtotheauthor?

[A]Mostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobsintheindustrialage.

[B]Youngandoldpeopleareunwantedcomponentsofsociety.

[C]Thearrivalofindustrialagechangedpatternsofworkfundamentally.

[D]Theworkstatusofthosewhoarenotinpaidemploymentisdisadvantageous.

10.Inthelastparagraphtheauthorrecommendsthat

[A]theindustrialageshouldcometoanend.

[B]employmentshouldbetreatedasanurgenttask.

[C]weshouldcreatejobsforallthepeople.

[D]weshouldmakesomeeffortstohelpmorepeoplecopewithunemploymentproblems.

TextC

Theterm“mass-production”conjuresupvisionsofsomeenormousfactory,withinnumerableconveyorbelts,eachattendedbyanarmyofant-likeworkers.Weseevariouspartsbeingfedtothosebeltsandhastilyfittedtogetherbybreathlessoperators.Thearticlegrowsinsizeandcomplexity.Finally,itrollsoffthebeltacompletelyfinishedobject.ThisisthesortofthingthatwassoeffectivelysatirizedbyCharlieChaplininhisfilmModernTimes.It’strue,indeed,thatmass-productioncanonlytakeplaceinlargefactories.Itdividesupintosmallstagesallthevariousoperationsthatacompleteobjectrequires.Conveyorbeltsarenecessaryandoperatorsmustworktoastricttimetable.But,ifthewholeprocessisdesignedandtimedcarefullyandgoodmaterialsareused,thefinishedobjectcancertainlybeadequateandreliable.Itmayevenberareandexquisite.

Theadvantagesofmass-productionarethusobvious.Itcanproducearticlesinenormousquantities.Inthesedaysoflargepopulationsandrisingstandardsofliving,thisinitselfisafarfromcontemptibleachievement.Byproducingarticlesinlargenumbers,bothcostandtimearegreatlyreduced.Onehand-madearticlemaycostfiftydollarsandrequireaman’slaborfortenhours.Athousandsimilararticles,mass-produced,maybesoldatfivedollarseach.Theymaybemadefromstarttofinishanhoureachandmayrequirethelaboroffiftymenforaminuteeach.

Ontheotherhand,thereareinescapabledisadvantages.Thoughamass-producedarticlemaybequitegoodandmayevenhaveacertainaestheticvalue,it’sunlikelytoreachthehighestlevelsofcraftsmanshipandofbeauty.Allarticlessoproducedwillbeidentical;therewillbestandardization.Therewillalsobealackofvarietyandindividuality.Inshort,aworldfullofmass-producedarticleswouldbeverymonotonous.There’snodesiretokeeporcherishsucharticles.

Perhapsthegreatestdisadvantageofmass-productionisitseffectuponthe