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外文翻译

IEEETransactionsonPowerDelivery,Vol.13,No.1,January199853

Two-wayCommunicationsSystemsinthe

ElectricitySupplyIndustry

AdrianPatrickDrJohnNedbury.SeanGarkan

SouthWesternElectricityPowerCommunicationsOpenUniversity.

PlymouthResearchGroup.Plymouth.

EnglandOpenUniversity.England

Manchcster.]England

Abstract

Sevenyearshampassedsincethe

introductionoftheliberalisationofthe

ElectricitySupplyIndustryintheUK.Miin?

-

diversebenefitsandapplicationshityebeen

suggestedwhichdependuponefficientbidirectional

communicationsbetweenthe

utilityanditscustomerbase.These

applicationshawinclutletlautomaticmeter

reading（AMR）,distributionautomation,

loadmanagement,remotemetercalibration,

tokenlessprepaymentandremotetariff

management.Honewrtheongoing

developmentofCompetitionintheElectricity

SupplyIndustry（ESI）intheUnited

Kingdommayslowimplementation,orewn

preientthesecommunicationsbecominga

reidit?

.

1.Introduction

TheElectricihActof1989cameintoforcein

theUKinMarch1990.andthestate-ownedIelcctricitycompaniesweresubsequentlyfloated

ontheUKstockmarket.

PE-121-PWRD-1-04-1997Apaperrecommendedand

approvedbytheIEEEPowerSystemCommunications

CommitteeoftheIEEEPowerEngineeringSocietyfor

publicationintheIEEETransactionsonPowerDelivety.

ManuscriptsubmittedMarch6,1997;madeavailablefor

printingMarch26,1997.

0885-8977/98/!

310.00

ThecxistingAreaBoards.responsibleforthe

distributionandsupplyofelectricity.became

twelvePublicElectricihSuppliers（PESs）.The

NationalGridCompany（NGC）retainedits

monopolyoverhigh-voltageelectricity

transmissionbetweengencratorsand

distributorsinthewholesalePoolmarket.while

thePESswerenon'statutorilyrequiredto

supplyelectricity.

Oneofthego1ernment.sprimaryaimsin

privatisationwastopromotecompetition

Uhereyerpossible.believingthatthiswasthe

bestguaranteeofcustomers'interests.Honever.

becausecertainpartsoftheelectricitysupply

chainarenaturalmonopolies.andbecause

competitioninotherpartsofthechainwilltake

sometimetodevelop.theElectricityAct

createdaframenorkfortheregulationofthe

industry

Theresponsibilityforregulationlicswiththe

SecretauofStateforTradeandIndustryThe

regulationoftheESIwasmandatedtoa

DirectorGeneralofE!

ectricitySupply.11ho

establishedtheOfficeofElectricityRegulation

（OFFER）OFFERSroleiswastooverseethe

implementationoftheElectricityAct.

particularlynithregardtopriceregulation.

protectionofcustomers'rightsbysetting

standardsofsenice.andthepromotionof

competitioningenerationandsupply

ThestnicturcoftheindustryintheUK

comprisesgeneration.transmission.

distributionandsupplyThegeneration

companiesownandoperatcthepowerstations.

andtheclcctricitygeneratedispooled

nationallytomeetdemandTheElectricityPool

ofEnglandandWaleseiistsasamechanismto

01997IEEE

54

allowtradingbctnccngcncratorsandsuppliers.

itdoesnotitsclfbuyorscllclcctricity

Transmissionisthebulktransportationof

clcctricalenergyfrompowerstationstothe

companiesrcsponsiblcfordistributingitto

consumersInEnglandandWalesthisis

accomplishedusingtheNationalGrid.norking

atioltagcsupto400kV

DistributionISthetransportationofelectricity

fromttictransmissionnctnorktothecnstomer

Thedistributionofclcctricityiscarriedoutat

voltagesof132kVandbclow

2.CompetitionandCommunications

Electricitysupplyisacommoditytrading

activity.11hereliccnscdsupplicrsbuyelectricity

inbulkandsellit'ontotheircustomersIn

ordcrtodothis.supplycompaniesmustpay

'UseofSystem'chargestothetransmissionand

distributioncompanies

Tofacilitateasmoothtransitionintothe

competitivemarkct.in1990consumersnitha

maximumdcmandofmorethanlMWnere

gnenthefreedomtobuytheirelectricityfrom

anylicensedelectricitysupplierThisfreedom

nasextendedto100kWcustomcrsinApril

1994.andnil1beexteiidcdtoallcustomersin

1998Inordcrtomeettherequirementsof

1998.eachPESnil1hawtoirnplemcntmajor

changcstoitsbusiness.intermsof

organisation.operatingprocedurcsand

informationsystemsThescrequirementsfall

broadlyintotnocategoriesthoserclatedtothe

mandatoryrequirementsplaceduponPES'Sand

thosethatarerelatedtosystemsthatare

necessarytocffcctiic1yopcrateaPublic

ElectricitySupplyBusinessThcyear2000nil1

scefurtherchangcsniththeintroductionof

competitioninadditionalarcasoftheelectricie

supplybusinessincludingmcteroperationand

mcterreading

ThePESsonnandoperatethcdistribution

netnorkinthcirgeographicalareasand

thereforehaxregionalmonopoliesin

electricitydistribntionUnderthceight-year

transitionarrangementssetinplaceat

privatisation.thePESshaveevzlusivc

fraiichiscsinihcirareastosupplyallcustomers

withamaximumdeinandoflessthan100kW

until1998.giringthcmatcmporarypartial

monopolyinelectricitysuppl:

:

In1990and1994.whencompetitionwas

introducedintothe1MWand100kWelectricity

supplymarkctsrespcctircly.forcustomerswho

wishedtochaiigcthcirsupplicrrronithcir

incumbentPEStoanothcr.halfhoiirly

nictcringofclcctricityconsumptionwas

rcquircd.Inaddition.communicationsfacilities

werereqnircdtoenabletimelyretrievalofthe

mctcrcddata.Thesccommunicationsfacilities

utiliscPaknctorPSTNdial-uptclcphonclines.

Thishalfhourlymctcreddataisrcquircdto

cnablescttlenicntbctwcenthcPooland

ElectricitySuppliers.rathcrthanasabasisfor

suppliercustomerbilling.

'Theinstallationofcommunicationslinesand

thecollectionofmcterdataforthe100kW

marketiscurrentlyhandledbyUnitedKingdom

DataCollectionSen-ices（UKDCS）asanagent

ofthePool

In1992.theelectricityindustryregulator.

OFFER.adlrocatedtheevtensionofremotely

readhalfhourlymeteringfortheintroduction

ofcompetitionintothedomesticmarketin

1998[11OFFERhadanticipatedthat.by1998.

modernmeteringwouldbeha\eachievedlarge

scaleimplcmentationinthedomesticmairket

TheDirectorGcncralofElectricitySupply.

ProfessorStephenLittlechildstatcdthat

'Moderndevelopmentsinelectronicmetering

andtwo-waycommunicationsoffertheprospect

ofsignificantbenefitsforallelectricity

customersYetatpresent.mostcustomers'

homesarestillfittednithmetersbasedon

technologyintroducedOTer100yearsago'

Honeyerforthecurrent100kWmarkct.the

costofthismeteringandassociated

communicationscquipmentiscurrentlyE565

pcryear.andisborneb?

thecustomerWhile

thesecostsareasmallproportionofaIOOkW

customer'sannualbill.thevnoiildbegreater

thantheaireragedomesticbillIn1995.OFFER

statedthat'[For19981Therearcprospectsof

reductionsinthecostsormeteringand

cominiinicationsandamcteringsolutionmay

beappropriateforlargerunder100kW

customers.butislikclytobecostly.

inconvenientandimpracticalforsmallerand

domcsticcustomcrsForatransitionalperiodat

least.analtcrnati\~carrangemcntisrequired

Thegreateruseofloadprofilingwouldsccmto

minimisecostsandincontciiicnccandbe

conductixetoeffcctixccompetition*121

Sincethecostsassociatednithclcctronic

remotemetcringfailedtodccreascascupected.

thcopportunityfortheITidcscalcintroduction

ofmodernmetcringnithtno-nay

conimnnicalions.whichsccmedtobcofferedby

1998.naslost

55

3.AMRCommunications

Inadditiontothemandatorvarrangements

describedforthe100kWmarket.manvBritish

electricutilitieshavebeenconsideringor

triallingtheuseofautomaticmeterreading

duringrccerityears.andawiderangeof

technologieshavebeenapplied.Theseinclude

packetradio.,telephoneandpowerlinecarrier

（PLC）.

In1993.SWEB.inprirtncrsliipwithRemote

MeteringSystcmsLimited（RMS）.successfully

demonstratedatrialpowerlinecarrier

communicationssystemforremotemetering.

TheRMSsystemusespowerlinecarrier

technologyandallowsfortwo-waydata

transmissionoverthelowvoltageandmedium

voltageelectricitydistributionnetwork.

Existinggasandwatermeterscanbemodified

slightlytoproduceanelectricaloutputandcan

beconnectedtotheelectricitymeter.PLC

technologyisusedtotransmittheinformation

tothesubstation.Atthesubstation.thesignals

are'injected'ontothe1IkVcablenetwork.

RMShavedevelopedanon-intrusivetransducer

todothis.creatingacostsayingbyeliminating

theneedtobreakthecable.Additionalfacilities

includethemonitoringofconsumptionhistory:

supplyyoltage.loadcurrentandpowerfactor.

Aconfigurablcelectricitymeterisunder

development.programmableviaPLC

communicationswiththefacilitytobe

configuredremotelyforseniceasaprepayment

creditmeter.Athird-partydatainterface

supportsremotemeteringfacilitiesforother

utilitiesandvalue-addedscnices.Memoryis

includedforconsumptiondata.Acustomer

displayterminalwillpro\.ideauser-friendly

interfacebetweenthesystemandthecustomer.

givinginforinationonelectricityconsumption

bothinkWhandmonetaryformats.More

sophisticatedunitscanactascustomerprogrammed

controllersforbuildingenergy

managementsystems.

TheMainsborneTelecontrolsystem13.5Ihas

beendevelopedbyThornEM1ElectronicsLtd

andpilotedbyLondonElectricilyAhomeunit

communicatesovertheLVmainsusingspread

spectrumtechniquestoacentralcontrollerThe

systempro\idesfacilitiesforremotemeter

reading.multi