考研英语真题.docx
《考研英语真题.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《考研英语真题.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
考研英语真题
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语
(一)试题
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)
Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition__1__manyworthwhilethings:
childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__.__4__,whydowetrustatall?
Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat__6__pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__
withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusinatrusting__9__:
InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__whoinhaledsomethingelse.
__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?
"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,"Wow!
"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwasempty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them.
Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.
2.A.faith
B.concern
C.attention
D.interest
3.A.benefit
B.debt
C.hope
D.price
4.A.Therefore
B.Then
C.Instead
D.Again
5.A.Until
B.Unless
C.Although
D.When
6.A.selects
B.produces
C.applies
D.maintains
7.A.consult
B.compete
C.connect
D.compare
8.A.at
B.byC
.ofD.
to
9.A.context
B.mood
C.period
D.circle
10.A.counterparts
B.substitutesC.colleagues
D.supporters
11.A.Funny
B.Lucky
C.Odd
D.Ironic
12.A.monitor
B.protect
C.surprise
D.delight
13.A.between
B.within
C.toward
D.over
14.A.transferred
B.added
C.introduced
D.entrusted
15.A.out
B.back
C.around
D.inside
16.A.discovered
B.proved
C.insisted
D.remembered
17.A.betrayed
B.wronged
C.fooled
D.mocked
1.A.on
B.likeC.forD.from
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:
Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?
Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.
Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.
Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.
ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:
Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.
Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:
Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.
Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.
21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?
A.Leadingpoliticians.
B.Low-wagelaborers.
C.Robotowners.
D.Middle-classworkers.
22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?
A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.
B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.
C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.
D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.
23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison.
A.creativepotential
B.job-huntingskills
C.individualneeds
D.cooperativespirit
24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat.
A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation
B.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment
C.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor
D.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening
25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith.
A.opposingviewsonit
B.possiblesolutionstoit
C.itsalarmingimpacts
D.itsmajorvariations
Text2
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.
Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyof
youngpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.They
cross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopen
aboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.
Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.
Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.
26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson.
A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice
B.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms
C.theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformation
D.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews
27.Thephrase"beerup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.
A.sharpen
B.define
C.boast
D.share
28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople.
A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace
B.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources
C.haveastrongsenseofresponsibility
D.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"
29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis.
A.readersoutdatedvalues
B.journalists'biasedreporting
C.readers'