中美商务文化差异.docx

中美商务文化差异.docx

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中美商务文化差异

ContrastiveAnalysisonInterculturalBusinessCommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica

【Abstract】ThereisagreatdiscrepancybetweenChinesecultureandAmericanculture、Moreandmorepeoplehavecometorealizetheculturalimpactandpossiblenegativeconsequencesthatcomefrominappropriatecommunicationduringinternationalbusinesstransactions、ThisstudyaimstoexaminethemaindifferenceinbusinesscommunicationbetweenChinaandAmericaandmakecontrastiveanalysisonthem,andattemptstostudytheimpactofthedifferenceoninterculturalcommunicationandputforwardsomeadvicetoachieveasuccessfulinterculturalcommunication、ThispaperfindsthatthereismuchdifferencebetweenChineseandAmericanwhenpeoplehaveabusinesscommunication,thatisChinaculturaliscollectivismlargedistance,stronguncertaintyavoidance,highcontext,polychromictimeculture、WhileAmericanculturalisindividualism,smallpowerdistance,weakuncertaintyavoidance,lowcontext,monochromictimeculture、Thefindingsofthisstudywillhelppractitionersbecomemorecognizantofculturaldifferenceinbusinesscommunication,andthusbeabletopreparemoreeffectivestrategiestomanageaperfectinterculturalbusinesscommunication、

【摘要】中国与美国的文化之间存在着巨大的差异,在国际商务交往的过程中,越来越多的人认识到由于文化差异的影响而导致的消极结果。

本文旨在找出商务交往过程中中国与美国之间文化的差异,并进行了对比分析。

本文发现,中美商务交往的过程中确实存在着巨大的文化差异,中国文化强调集体,具有等级性,规避不确定性,间接性以及时间多元性。

而美国文化则强调个体,等级性比较低,直接性以及时间单元性。

本文的研究结果对跨商交流务参与者认识文化差异从而顺利进行商务交流具有一定的帮助作用。

【Keywords】culture,interculturalcommunication,culturalimpact

【关键词】文化,跨文化交流,文化影响

Introduction

WemightthinkthatChineseandAmericansaretotallydifferentpeople、Notonlythewaytheylookdifferent,butalsothedifferentcultures、So,whatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculture?

Moreandmorepeoplehavecometorealizetheculturalimpactandpossiblenegativeconsequencesthatcomefrominappropriatecommunicationduringinternationalbusinesstransactions、Itisappropriatetogivesomeconsiderationtothesubjectof"interculturalcommunication"andtraining、Theabilitytocommunicateatvariouslevels—bywriting,speaking,debating,negotiatingorsimplytalkingbecameoneofthemostimportantskillsnecessarytobeaneffectivemanagerorabusinessman、Nonverbalcommunication—theso-called"silentlanguage"isasourceofmanymisunderstandings、Intheworldwheredistancesarediminishingandtechnologicalprogressmakesrapid,almostinstantcommunicationpossible,thereismorepotentialdangerofaconflict,misunderstanding,orsimplyofabusinessloss,resultingfromourdeficienciesorinabilitiestocommunicatesuccessfully、Apartfrombasiccommunicationskills,interculturalawarenessisextremelyimportantinaworldwhereinternationalcontactsincreaseandbecomecrucialtoopeningnewmarketsandnewavenuesforinternationalbusinessoperations、[]

LiteratureReview

AsBarnard[]（1938）states,“communication”isoneofthethreeessentialelementstoanorganization,aswellas“commonpurpose”and“willingnesstoserve”、Zuoxiaoping（2005）pointedthattheinfluentialpowerofcommunicationcouldbeadeterminantofacorporateculturewhencommunicationistakenfromvariousfacets:

notonlyasexchangeofinformation,butalsoascollection,storage,reproductionandtransferofinformation[]

Previousresearchhasshownthatcultureinfluencespeople’spreferencesofconflictmanagementstyles、Basedontheresultsofacomparativestudyof318Taiwaneseand245Americanbusinessemployees,Knutsonetal（2000）concludedthatcomparedtoTaiwaneseChinese,Americanparticipantsperceivedtheexistenceofconflictmorefrequentlyandpreferredadirect,solution-drivenconflictmanagementstyle、[]Kameda,N、（2001）statesthatanybusiness,tradeoreducationalmissionconductedinaforeigncountryrequiressomekindofunderstandingthatweenteranentirelyforeignworldofthinking,responding,perceivingreality[]、Renyi（2010）saysthattheso-called"silent"languageofnon-verbalbehaviorislimitedtoanentirelydifferentculturalcodethantheonewearefamiliarwith[]、Renlinglingalsofindsthatthetypeofresponseswereceivemaybemisinterpretedbyusorwecanmisunderstandcompletelywhatwasbeingsaidornotsaid[]、Lijunru（2007）didasurveyaboutthedifferenceofpraisingandrespondingwordsbetweenChineseandAmerican,andfoundthatitisobviouschoosewhenChineseandAmericanrespondingpraiseandcompliment、[]Liuxianfang（2007）pointsoutthatAmericancultureemphasizestheindividualismandself-realization,totallyfocusonbusinessoperationstarget,strengthandcompetitiveness、Americanneverfixbusinesswithpleasure、However,Chinesecultureisindirectly,Chinesewouldliketotalkbusinesswhileeating[]、

Discussion

AccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureistheartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively"、Fromanthropologicperspective,cultureis"thecustoms,civilizations,andachievementsofaparticulartimeorpeople、FromSocialPerspective,,Cultureiswhatasocietydoesandthinks、Culturecoverseverythingofasociety、CommunicationisderivedfromtheLatinwordcommunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge、Itistheperceptionofverbalandnonverbalbehaviorsandtheassignmentofmeaningtothem、Inwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas、Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal、DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition、Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent、

ThereismuchdifferenceintheinterculturalbusinesscommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica、Somecontrastiveanalysishasbeendoneasfollows,whichcontainsseveralobviousaspects、

PastOrientationvs、FutureOrientation

Asweallknow,Chinahasalonghistoryoffivethousandyearswitharesplendentcivilizationandtradition、Chineseareproudoftheirfive-thousand-yearcivilizationandtheirintelligentanddiligentancestorswhocreatedsuchasplendidculture、SoChinesemoviesalmosttellssomeunknownhistorystoriesofthefamousancientsortheanecdotesoftheRoyal,suchas“Zhenhuanzhuang”,“jingzhongbaoguo”andsoon、SowecansaythatChinaculturalispastorientationcultural、InChineseeyes,thereisastrongbeliefthatthepastshouldbetheguideofmakingdecisionsanddiscoveringtruths、TheChineseproverb“considerthepastandyouwillknowthepresent”clearlystateshowimportanthistoryistothestudyoftheirculture、AsSangren（1987）concluded:

“forChina,historyitselfisthetextthroughwhichheaven’sordercanbeknown”、ItisnowonderthathistoryisimportanttoboththeChinesepeopleandanyoneseekingtounderstandtheChinese[]、ButAmericanculturalisatypicalfutureorientation、Americanbelievefuturewouldbebetterthanpresentandpast,“new”,“innovative”arethemostpoplarwordsstandingforrevolutionandhope、ThethemesofmostAmericanmoviesareaboutexplorationintoSpace, timetravelforfutureandsoon、Americanarecuriousandtheyprefertoimaginewhatwillhappenandwhattheycanorshoulddointhefutureorundersomeparticularcircumstance,suchas“2012”,“Avartar”,“StarTrek”andsoon、

ProductsinChinawouldberegardasbeingofhighqualityifthesellerorthebrandhaslongexperienceofsellingit,soChineseadvertisementwouldliketouse“oldage”,“hundredsyearsstores”etctomaketheirproductspopularamongconsumers、InAmerica,somenewthingsmaybeselllikehotcakesbecauseoftheiruniquefeature,sosellerswouldliketoadvertisethenewwith“neverget”or“getitbeforeothers”etc、

IndividualismVersusCollectivism

Individualismmeansthatthesocietyisindividualoriented,whichisalooselyknitsocialframework;individualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselves（ICulture）,suchasAmerica,NorthEuropeancountriesandsoon、However,collectivismisgrouporientedsocietywhichisatightlyknitsocialframework;individualscanexpecttheirrelatives,orotheringrouptolookafterthem（WeCultureorI-lessCulture）,suchasAsiancountries

InAmericaculture,theinterestoftheindividualprevailsovertheinterestsofthegroup、ButinChinawefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthon-wardsareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups、SuchadifferenceusuallyreflectsintheAmericaandtheChinaadvertisements、Forexample,asChinesehavethetendencyoffollowingsuit,theChineseadvertisementstakeadvantageofsuchkindofpsychology、AdvertisementstendtofocusongroupbehaviorbecauseChineseconsumersalwaysbelievethemorepeoplebuyaproduct,thebetterqualityitwillhave、Tobeexact,theytrytopersuadeconsumersintopurchasingtheadvertisedwiththemasses、Wecanfindmanyexamplesinourdailylife,whichstressgroupbehaviorssuchas“wheneverybodyaddsfuel,theflamerisehigh”,“themorepeoplethemorestrength”,“eventhedogswaggerswhenitsmasterwinfavor”、TheseshowthecollectivecultureofChinesepeopleintheirwork、Theyaregreatlyreadytocooperatewithgroupmembers、Theytendtohaveahomogeneousworkwithlittledifferentiationbetweenmanagersandworkers、Thehighvalueplacedonthecollectivefostersmutualdependenceinagroupenvironment:

theyinteractandconductworkactivitiesasgroupefforts,everyonehasdutytocontributehismosttothecollective、Howev