英美概况括考前知识点总结K12教育文档.docx
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英美概况括考前知识点总结K12教育文档
英美概况括考前知识点总结(word版可编辑修改)
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英国概况
1,英国名称:
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)
2,地理位置:
GreatBritainisthelargestislandoftheBritishIsles,thelargestislandinEuropeandtheeighth—largestislandintheworld.ItliestothenorthwestofContinentalEurope,withIrelandtothewest,andmakesupthelargestpartoftheterritoryofthestateknownastheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Itissurroundedbyover1,000[citationneeded]smallerislandsandislets。
或者回答BritishmainlandwesternEuropefromGreatBritainandIreland,north—eastandmanynearbyislands,SheeastbytheNorthSea,theAtlanticOceantothewest,uptotheNorthAtlanticoffIceland,YugoslaviaandtheEuropeancontinent,separatedonlybyastripofwater,theEnglishChannel
3,英国首都:
London
4,组成部分:
England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland
5,民族:
EnglandWelsh、Scotch、Irish
6,英国国旗:
theUnionFlag英国国歌:
GodSaveTheQueen天佑女
7,三次外族入侵:
ⅠRomanConquest;43AD,theromanempire
ⅡAnglo-SaxonConquest;thelate8thcentury,Scandinavia,createdacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland
ⅢNormanConquest;1066,Normans,WilliamtooktheEnglishthrone,andbecameWilliamtheFirst
4,英国主要河流:
RiverThames泰晤士河RiverSevern塞文河
8,政府组成部分:
Monarch,Parliament,Cabinet
君主制时间:
5thcenturyAD
君主的职能:
Presidedovertheopeningofparliament,OrderinCouncilapprovedthesignedofanActofParliamentandmeetthePrimeMinisterandtheQueenstandsfortheBritishintheworld.Suchasreceivingforeignambassadorsandhighcommissioners,receivingvisitingheadsofstate,andandaccessingoverseascountries,theUnitedKingdomandothercountriestosupportdiplomaticandeconomicrerelations.
君主现处地位:
皇宫:
BuckinghamPalace
现代君主:
ElizabethII
9,议会历史:
MagnaCarta
组成部分:
Queen\King,houseoflords,houseofcommons
如何成为两院的议员:
Tobehouseoflords:
appointedbytheQueen\King
Tobehouseofcommons:
generalelection
主要职能:
passthelaw
10,内阁首脑:
Minister
成员:
themembersofparliament
职能:
topersuadeparliamenttopasslawsandvotefortaxes\carryoutthefunctionsofpolicy-making
11,英国普选
对象:
votersandcandidates
选举人:
候选人:
成为首相的人选:
theleaderofthegoverningparty
主要执政党派:
theconservationparty\thelabourparty
现任英国的执政党:
thelabourparty
如何成为执政党:
Thepartywinsthemajorityseatsinthehouseofcommons
12,英国经济
工业革命之父:
瓦特(JamesWatt)发明:
蒸汽机(steamengine)
13,英国的教育
3个阶段:
primaryeducation,secondaryeducation,highereducation
2大分支:
publiceducation,privateeducation
大学教育中的学位:
bachelorsdegree,doctordegree,masterdegree
14,英国文学:
1.英语发展的三个阶段:
①OldEnglish(6th—11th):
theanglo-saxonlanguage
②MiddleEnglish(11th--15th):
thecombinationofEnglishandFrench
③ModernEnglish(15th-now)
2.英国最早的一部作品及内容:
Beowulf
3。
英国第一个诗人及其代表作:
诗人:
GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟)。
代表作:
TheCanterburyTales(坎特伯雷故事集)
4.伊丽莎白时期的作家及其代表作
①WilliamShakespeare:
悲剧Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,RomeoandJuliet
喜剧TwelfthNight,TheTempest,
AMidsummerNight’sDream,
TheTamingOfTheShrew
②ChristopherMarlowe:
TheTragicalHistoryofDRFaustu
5.弥尔顿的三部曲:
ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistes
15,英国媒体
最早的报纸:
TheObserver
报纸分为那两类:
broadsheets(qualitypress)\tabloid(gutterpress)
BBC的含义:
TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation
16,英国的节日
圣诞节的含义:
tocommemoratesthebirthofJesusChrist
感恩节的含义:
tocommemoratestheCrucifixionandResurrectionofJesusChrist
美国概况:
1,名称:
theUnitedStatesofAmerica
2,地理位置(geographicalposition):
ThecountryissituatedmostlyincentralNorthAmerica,andliesbetweenthePacificandAtlanticOcean,borderedbyCanadatothenorthandMexicotothesouth。
4,临国(neighboringcountries):
Canada,Mexico。
5,主要河流(majorrivers):
TheMississippiRiver,theColoradoRiver,theColumbiaRiver,theYukonRiver,theMissouriRiver
6,五大湖(GreatLakes):
LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErie,LakeOntario。
7,首都:
WashingtonD.C
8,独立战争(AmericanRevolutionaryWar/AmericanWarofIndependence):
1、双方:
ItbeganasawarbetweentheKingdomofGreatBritainandthirteenBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,andendedinaglobalwarbetweenseveralEuropeangreatpowers.
2、领导者:
GeorgeWashington.
3、起止时间:
Sep19,1775———Sep3,1783
9,独立宣言(UnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence):
1、起草者(drafter):
ThomasJefferson
2、时间:
July4,1776
3,被通过的时间:
4thJuly,1776
4,主要内容:
Weholdthesetruthstobeself—evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness。
10,美国的政治体制
三权分立:
LegislativeBranchismadeupofelectedrepresentativesfromallofthestates,andisonlybranchthatcanmakefederaltaxes,declarewarorputforeigntreatiesintoeffect。
立法机构所属机构为参议院(theSenate)和众议院(theHouseofRepresentative);
theExecutivebranch的所属机构有president,vice-president,cabinetand13departments。
TheJudicialbranchisheadedbytheSupremeCourt,whichistheonlycourtspecificallycreatedbytheConstitution。
职能:
FederalcourtshavejurisdictionovercasesarisingoutoftheConstitution;lawsandtreatiesoftheUnitedStates;maritimecases;issuesinvolvingforeigncitizensorgovernments;andcasesinwhichthefederalgovernmentitselfisaparty.
三权分立的核心:
checksandbalances
联邦条款:
ArticlesofConfederation。
这是1777年11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件,规定了联合新独立的13个州松散的邦联政府的职能。
1787年美国制订联邦宪法,邦联制随之终止。
美国宪法(Constitution)
制定的会议名称:
ConstitutionalConvention.;
地点:
Philadelphia;thepresidentoftheConventionwasGeorgeWashington;
时间:
1787.5;
联邦制的含义:
Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach。
权利法案的含义及内容:
《权利法案》:
adoptedin1791.content:
Thisconsistsof10veryshortparagraphswhichguaranteedfreedomandindividualrightsandforbidinterferencewithlivesofindividualsbythegovernment.EachparagraphisanAmendmenttotheoriginalConstitution。
美国的两大政党名,起源,象征物:
美国的两大政党:
DemocraticPartyandRepublicanParty;theDemocraticParty,whichevolvedoutofThomasJefferson’sparty,formedbefore1800.Thesymbolofthepartyisdonkey。
TheRepublicanParty,whichwasformedinthe1850s.thesymboloftheRepublicanPartyistheelephant。
现任总统,现任执政党:
Obama\DemocraticParty
美国第一任总统:
GeorgeWashington,electedin1789—1797,8years
制宪会议:
时间,May1787
地点,philadelphia
目的,toformulateUnitedStatesConstitution
11,美国经济:
20世纪30年代美国经济遇到什么问题,哪一总统采取什么措施解决了这一问题Thecrazyspeculationcausefinancialcrisistriggeredthegreatdepression.PresidentRoosevelt’sNewDealknownas“onehundreddaysNewDeal"。
(onMarch9th,1933toJune16th)
12,美国社会现存的三大宗教:
Protestantism(清教)
Catholicism(天主教)
Judaism(犹太教)
13,文学
WashingtonIrving:
RipVanWinkle
Thoreau:
Walden
Hawthrone:
ScarletLetter
Melvill:
MobyDick
Whitman:
LeavesofGrass
MarkTwain:
HuckleberyFinn
H.B。
stowe:
UncleTom’sCabin
美国文学史上杰作,最伟大的小说是哪一部Moby-DickwrittenbyHermanMelville
14,美国教育
三个阶段:
TherearethreestagesintheUSeducation。
Theyareelementaryeducation,secondaryeducationandhighereducation.
两大分支:
publiceducation&privateeducation
北美洲建立的第一所大学:
HarvardUniversity(1636,CharlesRiverMassachusetts)
建校目的:
Intheearly17thcentury,thefirstEnglishsettlersarrivedinNorthAmerica,wheretheyexploitedtheirown”Eden”—NewEngland。
Andthereweremorethan100PuritanimmigrantswhoreceivedclassicalhighereducationinOxfordandCambridgeUniversity.Theyestablishedthisuniversityinorderthattheirdescendantswillbeabletoreceivethesameeducationliketheirinthisnewhomeland。