定语从句.docx
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定语从句
第四讲定语从句
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的成分,可理解为“…的”,用一个句子来修饰名词或代词,充当定语,就称为定语从句。
e.g.IstillremembertheschoolwhereItaughtEnglish.
构成定语从句的条件:
1、先行词:
即被从句所修饰的名词
2、关系词:
分为关系代词和关系副词,关系代词在从句中充当宾语时可省
3、关系词所指代的名词必须在从句中充当成分
e.g.Ivisitedthefactorywhichwasbuiltnearmyschool.
先行词关系词充当主语
一、关系代词的用法(红色部分抄在笔记本上,包括所有例句,明天查)
1、that代替先行词,在从句中充当主语或宾语(可省略),既指人也可指物
e.g.Heistheboythatoftengoestoschoolonfoot.
Thisisthebook(that)Iamreadingthesedays.
2、which代替先行词,在从句中充当主语或宾语(可省略),只能指物
e.g.IhavereadthenovelwhichwaswrittenbyLuXun.
Thisisthehouse(which)myfatherboughtlastyear.
3、who代替先行词,在从句中充当主语或宾语(可省略),只能指人
e.g.Heistheboywhooftengoestoschoolonfoot.
Thosearethevolunteers(who)thecommitteeselected.(少用)
4、whom代替先行词,在从句中只充当宾语(可省略),只能指人
e.g.Thosearethevolunteers(whom)thecommitteeselected.
5、whose当先行词与whose后面的名词为从属关系时用,既指人也可指物
e.g.Heboughtthehousewhosewindowsarebroken.
Iheardaboutthefatherwhosesonwasverynaughty.
以上句子也可用“,the+n.+of+which/whom”构成
e.g.Heboughtthehouse,thewindowsofwhicharebroken.
Iheardaboutthefather,thesonofwhomwasverynaughty.
6、but当主句中有否定词时(no,never…)用,且从句中用否定翻译
e.g.Thereisnoroadbuthasturnings.(没有不转弯的路)
7、than当主句中有比较级时(more…)用,且从句中的主语省略
e.g.Mymotherdidmoreworkthanisgoodforherhealth.
二、关系副词的用法
1、when代替先行词,在从句中充当时间状语
e.g.IwillneverforgetthedayswhenwestayedinBeijing.
比较:
Iwillneverforgetthedays_______wespenttogetherinBeijing.
2、where代替先行词,在从句中充当地点状语
e.g.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked.
比较:
Thisisthefactory_________myfatheronceworkedin.
Thisisthefactory_________wevisitedthreeyearsago.
3、why代替先行词,在从句中充当原因状语
e.g.Couldyoutellmethereasonwhyyouvotedagainsthim?
比较:
Couldyoutellmethereason________youexplainedtothem?
三、介词+which/whom
有时也可以用介词加上which(指物)/whom(指人)引导定语从句,关键要找准从句中隐含的介词。
e.g.HeistheonlymantowhomIcanturnforhelpatpresent.
=Heistheonlyman(whom)Icanturntoforhelpatpresent.
Iwillneverforgetthedays_____________westayedinBeijing.
Iwillneverforgettheday_____________westayedinBeijing.
Thatismywriting__________Iamproud.
Thatismywriting__________Itakepride.
四、非限定性定语从句
当定语从句去掉时,不影响主句的含义,称为非限定性定语从句,注意两点:
1.不能用that引导2.从句前用逗号隔开
e.g.WeboughtalotofbooksandCDslastSaturday,whichsellverywellatthebeginningofthenewsemester.
五、几个注意的问题
1、只能用that的地方(指与which比较而言,做宾语时仍可省略)
(1)先行词是不定代词:
all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything
e.g.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(2)先行词被序数词或最高级或theonly/thevery/thenext/thesame修饰
e.g.Thisistheverypen(that)IlostlastSunday.
(3)先行词既有人又有物时
e.g.Ivisitedmyschoolandtheteachers(that)Ihaven’tseenforlong.
(4)句中已经有W.H..词
e.g.WhichisthebookthatwaswrittenbyLuxun?
(5)先行词被all,any,every,few,little,no,some修饰
e.g.Thereisnoroom(that)Icanfindtolivein.
(6)先行词在从句中作表语
e.g.Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.
(7)有一个关代为which,另一个用that
2、不能用that的地方
(1)前有介词时;注意:
inthat表示“因为,在于”,不是定语从句
(2)在非限定性从句中
e.g.Marywentintothehouseinwhichshefoundthelittleboy.
3、先行词为anyone,those时只能用who引导
e.g.Thosewhoplaywiththefirearesuretogetthemselvesburned.
4、与强调句的区别
e.g.ItwasonthetopofthemountainthatImetwithMary.()
Itwasthetopofthemountainwhere/onwhichImetwithher.()
5、与同位语从句的区别
e.g.Thatisthepromise(that/which)RosegaveJack.()
RosegaveJackthepromisethatshewouldliveon.()
6、注意Ithink/believe/suppose/know;theysay/know,theyclaim等插入语的干扰
e.g.Tomisthestudentwhotheyclaimcanwinthegame.(不能用whom)
7、当从句中已经有连词如but,and…时,不能再用关系词
e.g.Iboughtalotofbookslastnight,andmostofthemwerewrittenbyhim.
比较:
Iboughtalotofbookslastnight,mostofwhichwerewrittenbyhim.
8、几个具体情况
(1)theway做先行词,在从句中充当状语时,关系词用inwhich;that或省略
e.g.Idon’tliketheway(inwhich/that)youtalktoyourmother.
(2)注意主句中有oneof…和theoneof…时,从句中谓语的单复数
e.g.HeisoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtovisitBeijing.(先行词为students)
Heisthe(only)oneofthestudentswhoisgoingtovisitBeijing.(先行词为one)
但注意以下句子:
Oneoftheproblemshemetwithisthatheislackinginmoney.
(3)isthis/that+the+名词与isthis/that+名词的区别
e.g.Isthisthefactory(that)youvisitedlastyear?
Isthisfactorytheone(that)youvisitedlastyear?
→Thisfactoryistheone(that)youvisitedlastyear?
在后一种结构中,要先加上先行词theone,再判断从句中充当的成分
e.g.Isthatschool___________yourfatheroncetaughtEnglish?
(4)such/so…as;such/so…that何时用as,何时用that
e.g.Heissuchaniceboyaseveryonelikes.
前有such且从句中缺主语、宾语时用as,引导定语从句
Heissuchaniceboythateveryonelikeshim.
从句中不缺成分时用that,表“如此…以至于”,引导结果状语从句
(5)thesame…as//thesame…that何时用as,何时用that
都引导定语从句,相似的用as,同样的用that
e.g.Ilostmywayintheforest,soIwentbackonthesamewaythatIcame.
(6)as//which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
①as可放句首或句中,只能指代一句话的内容;
which只能放句中,既可指代一句话的内容,也可指代主句中的某物;
②as表相似性,可翻译为“正如…一样”;which表相关性
e.g.Aswehadexpected,hesucceededinpassingtheexam.
Hesucceededinpassingtheexam,aswehadexpected.
WeboughtalotofbookslastSaturday,whichsellverywellatpresent.
比较:
Hecuthisfingersthismorning,_________oftenhappenstohim.
Hecuthisfingersthismorning,_________madehismothersad.
③“众所周知”的表达方法:
Asweallknow;Asisknowntoall;
Itisknowntoallthat…;Whatisknowntoallisthat…
(7)what不能引导定语从句,也就是说,如果从句前有名词时,不能用what
e.g.Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.
Heisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.
可以这样理解:
what=先行词+关系代词
六、做题三步曲:
1、找到先行词;2、判断先行词在从句中充当的成分;3、确定关系词