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解释ThemesandSubjectMattersinContemporaryBritishCultureandSociety
Themes and Concepts in Contemporary British Culture and Society
Chapter 1 Introduction
The British Isles:
a group of islands off the northwestern coast of Continental Europe, including, geographically, the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and adjacent smaller islands, and politically, the UK and Ireland
TheBritishstateismadeupofGreatBritain(England,WalesandScotland)andNorthernIreland.洲大陆西北部的群岛。
地理上包括:
大不列颠群岛和爱尔兰及其附属岛屿。
政治意义上指联合王国及爱尔兰共和国。
The “square mile”:
the oldest part of the City of London, situated on the north bank of the River Thames between Tower Bridge and London Bridge. 伦敦城最古老的一部分。
位于泰晤士河北岸的伦敦桥和伦敦塔之间。
Greater London:
the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center
英国首都,也是英国最大的城市。
位于英国东南部,毗邻泰晤士河。
是英国的工业和经融中心
Chapter 2 Family and Personal Relationships
(1)
HouseholdThepercentageoflargehouseholdsfell.Thepercentageofsingleparentswithchildrentripledandthepercentageofpeoplelivingalonedoubled.Theaveragehouseholdsizehasgonedown.Onepersonhouseholdsisincreasing.Althoughtheproportionofmarriedcoupleswithdependentchildrenisdecreasing,80%ofdependentchildrenstillliceinatwo-parentfamily.(from1961to2007)
Youthsubculture
Teddyboys:
late1950s,workingclass
Beatniks:
late1950s,middleclass
Rockers:
1960s,workingclass
Mods:
1960s,middleclass
Hippies:
late1960s,middleclass
Skinheads:
early1970s,workingclass
Punks:
mid1970s,workingandmiddleclass
Rastas:
1970s,WestIndians
AcidHouse:
1980s,middleclass
Civil (wedding) ceremony:
Civil ceremony is a non-religious marriage ceremony. It is performed in a Registry Office and will usually be followed by a reception for family and friends.
世俗婚礼指的是没有宗教元素的结婚仪式。
它通常在登记处进行,之后则是亲朋好友的招待会。
Threeoutoffiveofallmarriagesandfouroutoffiveofsecondmarriagesinvolveonluyyacivilceremony.
Two-thirdsoftheseuseaChurchofEnglandMarriageService
Thebridegroomwillarrivefirstwithafriend,thebestmanandwaitforthebrideathealtaratthefrontofthechurch.Traditionallyshewillarrivealittlelate,wearingwhitetosymbolisepurity.
PLEDGE...
Ifthebestmanhasnotlosttheweddingring,thebridegroomwillnowplaceitonthefourthfingerofthebride’slefthand.Thesedays,thegroomwilloftenreceivearing,too.
Chapter 3 Family and Personal Relationships
(2)
Conjugal roles:
the different activities and responsibilities of husband and wife. 婚姻角色:
丈夫和妻子的不同作为和承担的责任
Inthepastwiveswouldthinkhouseholdsaretheirworks.
Asurbeyin
Showedthatanumberofhouseholdtaskswerestilllikelytobe‘always’or‘usually’donebywomen.
Sheltered Housing:
Sheltered housing is provided in groups of flats or cottages (normally 25-39) with a two-way speech alarm system linking each house with a wardens office and house, to help to overcome the difficulties such as too many stairs, inadequate heating, social isolation for the old. Thereisoftenacommunallounge,gustroomsandalaundry
庇护所:
庇护所是单元化的平屋或者村舍(通常为25到39平方米)。
它包含连接每个住所与区管理人的双向语音警报系统----用于解决老年人在诸如楼层过高、供暖不足以及社交隔绝等方面的困难。
Generation gap (这个看一下书吧P63)
According to Wiki, the generational gap is and was a term popularized in Western countries during the 1960s referring to differences between people of a younger generation and their elders, especially between a child and their parent's generation. 代沟:
根据维基百科释义,代沟是现在以及过去60年代西方国家普遍用于表达年轻一代与老一代之间的差异,尤其是孩子和父母之间差异的术语。
Chapter 4 Education
Tripartite system:
三级体制
:
A “tripartite” system of secondary modern, technical and grammar schools selected 11 year-old children at the end of their primary education by means of exam. The top 20% attended grammar schools.
三级体制是普通中学、技术学校以及文法学校在初等教育之后通过考试的方法来对11岁儿童进行选拔的一种机制。
排名前20%的儿童进入文法学校。
:
the system under which the State funded secondary education was arranged, containing three types of school, namely:
grammar school, secondary technical school and secondary modern school. Pupils were allocated to their respective types of school according to their performance in the Eleven Plus examination
该体制在包括文法学校、中等技校和普通中学在内的三种类型的学校的国立中等教育下开展。
根据十一岁儿童入学考试中的成绩,学生们被分配到不同类型的学校。
Keystage
GCSE:
The General Certificate of Secondary Education
普通中等教育证书
Taken at the end of compulsory education at the age of 16. Any number of individual subjects may be taken.
16岁完成义务教育后授予该证书。
需要修习较多课程。
GCE:
General Certificate of Education, an academic qualification that examination boards in the U. K. confer to students. The GCE traditionally comprised two levels:
the Ordinary Level (O Level) and the Advanced Level (A Level). 普通教育证书:
A level:
Advanced level examination taken by British pupils after the two Sixth Form years, required for entrance to university
A等:
英国小学生在完成两个6年级学习后参加的高级会考。
这是进入大学的前提。
Sixth Form:
Some students continue in the same school for a further 2 years study in the “sixth form”, leading to an examination of GCE, advanced level. 六年级:
部分学生在同一所学校再读两年以参加GEC考试以获得一般学历考试证书优等。
Vocationalism:
the economic recession of the 1970s and 1980s ,and accompanying
high levels of unemployment brought a great concern to strengthen links between education and the economy. These ideas were formulated into policies during the 1980s .At first , they were aimed particularly at the 14-18 year age group and the lower two-thirds of the ability range. The aim was to train young people in terms of skills in work as well as their attitudes towards it and expectations of it.
职业教育论:
20世纪70、80年代,伴随着经济衰退而来的高失业率引起了人们对加强教育和经济之间联系的巨大关注。
改理念在80年代开始引入政治领域。
最初,该理念仅针对14—18岁群体和。
它旨在培训年轻人工作方面的技能,改变他们的工作态度和对工作的期望。
Chapter 5 Work
Employeesinemployment
TypeofIndustry(number):
Primarydecrease,manufacturingdecrease,
ConstructionandServicesincrease
Jobcenterplusfacilities:
isagovernment-run,whichprovideinformationandadvisepotentialemployeesonjobsinthelocality.Jobpoints,electronictouchscreenkiosks,nowproviderapidaccesstoaconstantlyupdatedlistofallavailablejobs,accessedbytypeorlocation
Trade unions:
workers join as groups to negotiate with management for better pay and conditions, or to offer their members services and assistance
工会:
工人集体加入而形成的与管理方进行谈判的组织。
旨在追求更好的工作环境和待遇或者为其成员提供更好的服务和协助。
Chapter 6 Leisure
Chapter6Leisure
SinceworldwarIIpeoplehavehadmoretimeandmoremoneytospendonleisureactivities.
Generallythegreaterpartofmostpeople’sleisuretimeisspentinthehome.
Manymorepeoplenowowntheirownhomesandconsequentlyalotoftheirsparetimeisspentinlookingafterthehouseandgardenandimprovingittomakethehomemorecomfortableandattractive.DIYisnowpopular.
Athome
Manypeopleowncarsandupkeepofcarsinadditiontothehousetakesupmuchsparetime.Forsomepeoplethisisachore,forothersanenjoyablehobby.
Motherwithyoungchildrenoftenhavelittlesparetimeorenergyleftaftertakingcareofthechildrenandmaynotwanttogooutsidethehomeforentertainmentoractivities.Watchingtelevisionwillthereforeeaneasierwaytorelax.
Foryoungpeople,theycanspendtheirsparetimealoneortwithfriends,listeningtomusicorwatchingvideos.
Allagegroupsalotoftimeisspentvisitingorentertainingfriendsandrelatives.
Leisure:
is not simply free-time, but freely chosen activities that are pursued during non-working time.
休闲:
不是简单地指空闲时间,而是在非工作时间能够自由选择喜欢的活动。
Pub:
A place of business where alcoholic beverages are sold and drunk.(Answers) has been a focal point for community life, particularly for men and today more money is spent on drink, in pubs, restaurants or wind bars than on any other form of leisure activity.
The‘publicbar’ismoresparselyfurnishedthanthe‘loungebar’.
Thepublicbarisingeneralfrequentedmorebymenthanwomen,andwillnearlyalwayshaveadartboardononewall.
Drinksinthepublicbarareoftenslightlycheaperthaninthemorecomfortableloungebar,wheretherewilltendtobeamoreequalnumberofmenandwomen.
Chapter 7 Holidays & Tourism
Theme parks:
parks developed around a particular theme (such as The Wild West), for an educational purpose (such as the Roman Theme Park), or on the original site of old cotton mills .Locatedeitherneartheseasideorinattractiverurallocationsclosetothemotorwaynetwork.
Youth hostels:
arepopularwithyoungpeopleorfamilieswithyoungchildren.Cheapandbasicself-cateringaccommodationisprovided,usuallyindormitories,withawardenn,butvisitorshavetotidyupafterthemselves
BedandBreakfast:
wherethechargeincludesabedforthenightandanEnglishbreakfast(‘Traditional’styleofbaconandeggsfollowedbytoast,or‘continental’style,coffeeandcroissants,whichisbecomingpopularnowadays)
National Trust:
a voluntary organization founded in 1895 for the presevation of land and buildings of historical interest or beauty
Package holiday:
a tour arranged by a travel agent; transportation, transfer, food and lodging are all provided at an inclusive price
Chapter 8 Crime & the Police
Crimesagainstpropertyvs.crimesagainstpersons
看一下P188和P189的图表
Victim support:
These are an association of local, independent charitable schemes providing advice and assistance to victims of crime, involving more than 16,000 voluntary workers.
The Metropolitan Police Force:
Territorial police force responsible for Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London which is the responsibility of the City of London Police. The MPS also has significant national responsibilities such as coordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the British Royal Family and senior figures of Her Majesty's Government.
Theroleofthepolice
1.Maintenanceoforder2.Lawenforcement.