解释ThemesandSubjectMattersinContemporaryBritishCultureandSociety.docx

1、解释ThemesandSubjectMattersinContemporaryBritishCultureandSocietyThemesandConceptsinContemporaryBritishCultureandSocietyChapter1IntroductionTheBritishIsles:agroupofislandsoffthenorthwesterncoastofContinentalEurope,including,geographically,theislandsofGreatBritainandIrelandandadjacentsmallerislands,and

2、politically,theUKandIrelandThe British state is made up of Great Britain(England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland.洲大陆西北部的群岛。地理上包括：大不列颠群岛和爱尔兰及其附属岛屿。政治意义上指联合王国及爱尔兰共和国。The“squaremile”:theoldestpartoftheCityofLondon,situatedonthenorthbankoftheRiverThamesbetweenTowerBridgeandLondonBridge.伦敦城最古老的

3、一部分。位于泰晤士河北岸的伦敦桥和伦敦塔之间。GreaterLondon:thecapitalandlargestcityofEngland;locatedontheThamesinsoutheasternEngland;financialandindustrialandculturalcenter英国首都，也是英国最大的城市。位于英国东南部，毗邻泰晤士河。是英国的工业和经融中心Chapter2FamilyandPersonalRelationships(1)Household The percentage of large households fell. The percentage of

4、 single parents with children tripled and the percentage of people living alone doubled. The average household size has gone down. One person households is increasing. Although the proportion of married couples with dependent children is decreasing, 80% of dependent children still lice in a two-pare

5、nt family.(from 1961 to2007)Youth subcultureTeddy boys: late 1950s, working classBeatniks: late 1950s, middle classRockers: 1960s, working classMods: 1960s, middle classHippies: late 1960s, middle classSkinheads: early 1970s, working classPunks: mid 1970s, working and middle classRastas :1970s, West

6、 IndiansAcid House: 1980s, middle classCivil(wedding)ceremony:Civilceremonyisanon-religiousmarriageceremony.ItisperformedinaRegistryOfficeandwillusuallybefollowedbyareceptionforfamilyandfriends.世俗婚礼指的是没有宗教元素的结婚仪式。它通常在登记处进行，之后则是亲朋好友的招待会。Three out of five of all marriages and four out of five of secon

7、d marriages involve onluyy a civil ceremony.Two-thirds of these use a Church of England Marriage ServiceThe bridegroom will arrive first with a friend, the best man and wait for the bride a the altar at the front of the church. Traditionally she will arrive a little late, wearing white to symbolise

8、purity.PLEDGE.If the best man has not lost the wedding ring, the bridegroom will now place it on the fourth finger of the brides left hand. These days, the groom will often receive a ring, too.Chapter3FamilyandPersonalRelationships(2)Conjugalroles:thedifferentactivitiesandresponsibilitiesofhusbandan

9、dwife.婚姻角色：丈夫和妻子的不同作为和承担的责任In the past wives would think households are their works.A surbey in Showed that a number of household tasks were still likely to be always or usually done by women.ShelteredHousing:Shelteredhousingisprovidedingroupsofflatsorcottages(normally25-39)withatwo-wayspeechalarmsy

10、stemlinkingeachhousewithawardensofficeandhouse,tohelptoovercomethedifficultiessuchastoomanystairs,inadequateheating,socialisolationfortheold. There is often a communal lounge, gust rooms and a laundry庇护所：庇护所是单元化的平屋或者村舍（通常为25到39平方米）。它包含连接每个住所与区管理人的双向语音警报系统-用于解决老年人在诸如楼层过高、供暖不足以及社交隔绝等方面的困难。Generationga

11、p(这个看一下书吧 P63）AccordingtoWiki,thegenerationalgapisandwasatermpopularizedinWesterncountriesduringthe1960sreferringtodifferencesbetweenpeopleofayoungergenerationandtheirelders,especiallybetweenachildandtheirparentsgeneration.代沟：根据维基百科释义，代沟是现在以及过去60年代西方国家普遍用于表达年轻一代与老一代之间的差异，尤其是孩子和父母之间差异的术语。Chapter4Educ

12、ationTripartitesystem:三级体制:A“tripartite”systemofsecondarymodern,technicalandgrammarschoolsselected11year-oldchildrenattheendoftheirprimaryeducationbymeansofexam.Thetop20%attendedgrammarschools.三级体制是普通中学、技术学校以及文法学校在初等教育之后通过考试的方法来对11岁儿童进行选拔的一种机制。排名前20%的儿童进入文法学校。:thesystemunderwhichtheStatefundedsecond

13、aryeducationwasarranged,containingthreetypesofschool,namely:grammarschool,secondarytechnicalschoolandsecondarymodernschool.PupilswereallocatedtotheirrespectivetypesofschoolaccordingtotheirperformanceintheElevenPlusexamination该体制在包括文法学校、中等技校和普通中学在内的三种类型的学校的国立中等教育下开展。根据十一岁儿童入学考试中的成绩，学生们被分配到不同类型的学校。Key

14、 stageGCSE:TheGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation普通中等教育证书Takenattheendofcompulsoryeducationattheageof16.Anynumberofindividualsubjectsmaybetaken.16岁完成义务教育后授予该证书。需要修习较多课程。GCE:GeneralCertificateofEducation,anacademicqualificationthatexaminationboardsintheU.K.confertostudents.TheGCEtraditionallycompr

15、isedtwolevels:theOrdinaryLevel(OLevel)andtheAdvancedLevel(ALevel).普通教育证书：Alevel:AdvancedlevelexaminationtakenbyBritishpupilsafterthetwoSixthFormyears,requiredforentrancetouniversityA等：英国小学生在完成两个6年级学习后参加的高级会考。这是进入大学的前提。SixthForm:Somestudentscontinueinthesameschoolforafurther2yearsstudyinthe“sixthform

16、”,leadingtoanexaminationofGCE,advancedlevel.六年级：部分学生在同一所学校再读两年以参加GEC考试以获得一般学历考试证书优等。Vocationalism:theeconomicrecessionofthe1970sand1980s,andaccompanyinghighlevelsofunemploymentbroughtagreatconcerntostrengthenlinksbetweeneducationandtheeconomy.Theseideaswereformulatedintopoliciesduringthe1980s.Atfirs

17、t,theywereaimedparticularlyatthe14-18yearagegroupandthelowertwo-thirdsoftheabilityrange.Theaimwastotrainyoungpeopleintermsofskillsinworkaswellastheirattitudestowardsitandexpectationsofit.职业教育论：20世纪70、80年代，伴随着经济衰退而来的高失业率引起了人们对加强教育和经济之间联系的巨大关注。改理念在80年代开始引入政治领域。最初，该理念仅针对1418岁群体和。它旨在培训年轻人工作方面的技能，改变他们的工作

18、态度和对工作的期望。Chapter5WorkEmployees in employment Type of Industry(number): Primary decrease, manufacturing decrease, Construction and Services increaseJob center plus facilities: is a government-run, which provide information and advise potential employees on jobs in the locality. Jobpoints, electronic

19、 touch screen kiosks, now provide rapid access to a constantly updated list of all available jobs, accessed by type or locationTradeunions:workersjoinasgroupstonegotiatewithmanagementforbetterpayandconditions,ortooffertheirmembersservicesandassistance工会：工人集体加入而形成的与管理方进行谈判的组织。旨在追求更好的工作环境和待遇或者为其成员提供更好

20、的服务和协助。Chapter6LeisureChapter 6 LeisureSince world war II people have had more time and more money to spend on leisure activities.Generally the greater part of most peoples leisure time is spent in the home.Many more people now own their own homes and consequently a lot of their spare time is spent

21、in looking after the house and garden and improving it to make the home more comfortable and attractive. DIY is now popular.At homeMany people own cars and upkeep of cars in addition to the house takes up much spare time. For some people this is a chore, for others an enjoyable hobby.Mother with you

22、ng children often have little spare time or energy left after taking care of the children and may not want to go outside the home for entertainment or activities. Watching television will therefore e an easier way to relax.For young people, they can spend their spare time alone or twith friends, lis

23、tening to music or watching videos.All age groups a lot of time is spent visiting or entertaining friends and relatives.Leisure:isnotsimplyfree-time,butfreelychosenactivitiesthatarepursuedduringnon-workingtime.休闲：不是简单地指空闲时间，而是在非工作时间能够自由选择喜欢的活动。Pub:Aplaceofbusinesswherealcoholicbeveragesaresoldanddru

24、nk.(Answers)hasbeenafocalpointforcommunitylife,particularlyformenandtodaymoremoneyisspentondrink,inpubs,restaurantsorwindbarsthanonanyotherformofleisureactivity.The public bar is more sparsely furnished than the lounge bar.The public bar is in general frequented more by men than women, and will near

25、ly always have a dartboard on one wall. Drinks in the public bar are often slightly cheaper than in the more comfortable lounge bar, where there will tend to be a more equal number of men and women.Chapter7Holidays&TourismThemeparks:parksdevelopedaroundaparticulartheme(suchasTheWildWest),foraneducat

26、ionalpurpose(suchastheRomanThemePark),orontheoriginalsiteofoldcottonmills. Located either near the seaside or in attractive rural locations close to the motorway network.Youthhostels:are popular with young people or families with young children. Cheap and basic self-catering accommodation is provide

27、d, usually in dormitories, with a wardenn, but visitors have to tidy up after themselvesBed and Breakfast:where the charge includes a bed for the night and an English breakfast（Traditional style of bacon and eggs followed by toast, or continental style, coffee and croissants, which is becoming popul

28、ar nowadays)NationalTrust:avoluntaryorganizationfoundedin1895forthepresevationoflandandbuildingsofhistoricalinterestorbeautyPackageholiday:atourarrangedbyatravelagent;transportation,transfer,foodandlodgingareallprovidedataninclusivepriceChapter8Crime&thePoliceCrimes against property vs. crimes again

29、st persons 看一下 P188 和 P189的图表 Victimsupport:Theseareanassociationoflocal,independentcharitableschemesprovidingadviceandassistancetovictimsofcrime,involvingmorethan16,000voluntaryworkers.TheMetropolitanPoliceForce:TerritorialpoliceforceresponsibleforGreaterLondon,excludingthesquaremileoftheCityofLondonwhichistheresponsibilityoftheCityofLondonPolice.TheMPSalsohassignificantnationalresponsibilitiessuchascoordinatingandleadingoncounter-terrorismmattersandprotectionoftheBritishRoyalFamilyandseniorfiguresofHerMajestysGovernment.The role of the police1.Maintenance of order 2.Law enforcement.