英语专业考研语言学复习大纲语言史.docx

英语专业考研语言学复习大纲语言史.docx

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英语专业考研语言学复习大纲语言史

Chapter7：

HistoricalLinguistics 

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I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1. Oneofthetasksofthehistoricallinguistsistoexploremethodstoreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguages.

2. Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.

3. ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.

4. MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivalofAnglo-Saxons,whoinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.

5. InOldEnglish,allthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dativeandaccusativecases.

6. InOldEnglish,theverbofasentenceoftenprecedesthesubjectratherthanfollowsit.

7. AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage.

8. Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.

9. Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.

10.   Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.

11.   InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberandgender.

12.   ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.

13.   Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.

14.   “Smog”isawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.

15.   “fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.

16.   Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.

17.   Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.

18.   Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.

19.   Languagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerules

20.   Thewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisoneofthecausesforlanguagechange.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.   H________linguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.

22.   Thehistoricalstudyoflanguageisad________studyoflanguageratherthanasynchronicstudy.

23.   EuropeanR________MovementseparatestheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthatofmodernEnglish.

24.   Animportantsetofextensivesoundchanges,whichaffected7longortensevowelsandwhichledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenphonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemesattheendoftheMiddleEnglishPeriod,isknownastheGreatV_______Shift.

25.   A_______involvesthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

26.   Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownase__________.

27.   ThethreesetsofconsonantshiftsthatGrimmdiscoveredbecameknowncollectivelyasGrimmsL____.

28.   Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm_______,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

29.   B________isaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixesofexitingwords.

30.   Semanticb________referstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.

31.   Theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexistiscalledthep_________.

32.   Sounda________referstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.Inthisprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidenticalorsimilartooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation.

33.   Inordertoreducetheexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Thisphenomenoniscalledi_________borrowing.

34.   Byidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages,historicallinguistsreconstructtheprotoforminthecommonancestrallanguage.Thisprocessiscalledc________reconstruction.

35.   Them____ruleofadjectiveagreementhasbeenlostfromEnglish.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

36.    Historicallinguisticsexplores________________.

    A.  thenatureoflanguagechange

B.  thecausesthatleadtolanguagechange

  C. therelationshipbetweenlanguages

  D.alloftheabove