英语基础语法.docx
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英语基础语法
英语主干
1.词汇
2.时态(主动语态+被动语态)
动作
时间
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
一般现在时
sb.do/does
sth.bedone
现在进行时
bedoing
bebeingdone
现在完成时
have/hasdone
have/hasbeendone
现在完成进行时
have/hasbeendoing
过去
一般过去时
sb.did
sth.was/weredone
过去进行时
was/weredoing
was/werebeingdone
过去完成时
haddone
hadbeendone
将来
一般将来时
sb.willdo
sth.willbedone
将来进行时
willbedoing
willbebeingdone
将来完成时
willhavedone
willhavebeendone
过去
将来
一般过去将来
sb.woulddo
sth.wouldbedone
过去将来进行时
wouldbedoing
wouldbebeingdone
过去将来完成时
wouldhavedone
wouldhavebeendone
3.从句
1)主语从句2)宾语从句
3)表语从句4)定语从句
5)状语从句6)同位语从句
4.其他句型:
包括强调句、倒装句、not...unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。
主语从句
I.主语从句:
主语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当主语.
1.当主语是陈述句时,连接词是that即:
that(不省略)+该陈述句
Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(Wewillbelate.)
2.)Thathedidnotcomeyesterdayisapity.(Hedidnotcomeyesterday.)
(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that可以省略。
Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)
2.)Ihope(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)
2.当主语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)
即:
whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(注意)“if”不能引导主语从句,这要与宾语从句进行区分。
Eg.1.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.(Willhegothere?
)
2.)Whethertheycanfinishthejob(ornot)isnotclear.
(Cantheyfinishthejob?
)
3.当主语是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即:
特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
(注:
8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how)
Eg.1.)Whathedidyesterdayisnotknown.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?
)
2.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?
)
3.)Whichteamhelikedhasnotbeendecided.(Whichteamdidhelike?
)
4.)Whowonthegameseemscertain.(Whowonthegame?
)
5.)Whomhemetyesterdayisnotclear.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?
)
6.)Whyhewaslateforthemeetingistobefoundout.
(Whywashelateforthemeeting?
)
7.)Whosebookthisisisnotclear.(Whosebookisthis?
)
8.)Whenhewillarriveisnotknown.(Whenwillhearrive?
)
9.)Howwewillhelpthelostboywillbediscussedatthemeeting.
(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?
)
II.(注意一)主语从句后置!
为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.
Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.
--It’scertainthatwewillbelate.
2.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.
--Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.
3.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.
--Itisnotclearwherehewentyesterday.
●It作形式主语常用句型:
(that引导的主语从句是真正的主语)
Itispossible/important/necessary/clearthat...
It’ssaid/reportedthat..据说/据报道…
It’sbeenannounced/declaredthat...已经通知/宣布…
Itseems/appears/happensthat…显然、明显、碰巧..
It’snowonderthat…并不奇怪/无疑…
(注意二)主语从句中,谓语动词一般用单数。
What引导的主语从句,谓语动词根据表语决定
Whatheneeds_is_thatbook.
Whatheneeds_are_somebooks.
(注意三)What与that引导主语从句的区别
Eg.
(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(Whatdidyousayyesterday?
)
(2)Thatsheisstillaliveisapuzzle.(Sheisstillalive.)
练习题
1.___hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.
A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How
2.___we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.
AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere
3.___isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedcountry.
A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.It
4.It’sknowntousall___aformofenergy.
A.waterisB.thatwateris
C.iswaterD.thatwaterto
宾语从句
I.宾语从句:
宾语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当宾语.
1.当宾语是陈述句时,连接词是that即:
that(可省略)+该陈述句
Eg.1.)Ihope(that)hewillcometomorrow.(Hewillcometomorrow.)
2.)Heguesses(that)thisteamwillwin.(Thisteamwillwin.)
(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that可以省略。
Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)
2.)Ibelieve(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)
2.当宾语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)/if
即:
whether(ornot)/if+该一般疑问句的陈述语序
Eg.1.)Iaskwhether/ifTomknowsJack.(DoesTomknowJack?
)
2.)Idon’tknowwhether/ifhecamebackyesterday.(Didhecomebackyesterday?
)
3.当宾语是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即:
特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
(注:
8W--what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H--how)
Eg.1.)Idon’tknowwhathedidyesterday.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?
)
2.)Hewantstoknowwherehewentyesterday.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?
)
3.)Hedidn’ttellmewhichteamheliked.(Whichteamdidhelike?
)
4.)Wewanttoknowwhowonthegameatlast.(Whowonthegame?
)
5.)Hismomaskedwhomhemetyesterday.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?
)
6.)Hedidn’tfindoutwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.
(Whywashelateforthemeeting?
)
7.)Iamnotsurewhosebookthisis.(Whosebookisthis?
)
8.)Theyaskmewhenhewillarrive.(Whenwillhearrive?
)
9)Wehavediscussedhowwewillhelpthelostboy.
(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?
)
II.(注意一)
当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动词时,从句谓语动词用(should)+动词原词,should可以省略。
eg
(1)Sherequired(that)he(should)gobackhomerightnow.
Sherequired(that)hegobackhomerightnow.
(2)Isuggested(that)he(should)askhisteacherforhelp.
Isuggested(that)heaskhisteacherforhelp.
(注意二)
当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时,否定要前移。
Eg.Idon’tthinkthathewillcometomorrow.(Hewon’tcometomorrow.)
Hedoesn’tbelievethatitistrue.(Itisnottrue.)
(注意三)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
eg.Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.
HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.
Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.
(注意四)宾语从句的时态
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,即:
主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。
主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。
如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。
eg.1)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.
Shesaidthatshewasastudent.
2)ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.
ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.
(注意五)
由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句(也就是第二、第三种情况时),如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象,可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
eg.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.
Idon’tknowwhattodonext.
Hedidn’tknowwherehewouldlive.
Hedidn’tknowwheretolive.
Hewasn’tclearwhichwayheshouldgotoreachthebank.
=Hewasn’tclearwhichwaytogotoreachthebank.
(注意七)
含有宾语补足语时,若宾语是个句子,宾语通常用形式宾语it代替,真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
Eg.1)Wethinkitwonderfulthatwewillgoonatripthisweekend.(宾语是陈述句)2)Ithinkituncertainwhetherwewillwinthegame.(宾语是一般疑问句)
3)Wehopeitdiscussedhowwewillsolvetheproblem.(宾语是特殊疑问句)
练习题
1。
—Doyouknow______theCapitalMuseum?
—NextFriday.
A.whenwilltheyvisitB.whentheywillvisit
C.whendidtheyvisitD.whentheyvisited
2.–Canyoutellme______?
–Sheisinthecomputerlab.
A.whereLindawasB.whereisLinda
C.wherewasLindaD.whereLindais3。
3。
—Guess________Ididyesterday!
—Ithinkyouwenttoaparty.
A.whereB.whenC.whatD.which
4.—Couldyouletmeknow___________yesterday?
—Becausethetrafficwasheavy.
A.whydidyoucomelateB.whyyoucamelate
C.whydoyoucomelateD.whyyoucomelate
5。
—Doyouknow__________theMP3playerlastweek?
—Sorry,Ihavenoidea.A.howmuchdidshepayfor
B.howmuchwillshepayforC.howmuchshepaidfor
同位语从句
同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。
可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:
advice,fact,truth,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,promise,proposal,reply,report,suggestion,word(消息),agreement(一致),problem,question,doubt,thought等。
ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.
有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。
如:
ThenewsistruethatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacher.
1.
(一).当同位语从句是陈述句时,连接词是that即:
that(不省略)+该陈述句
Eg.1)ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.
2.)Headmittedthefactthathehadstolenthewallet.
(注意)that引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的桥梁而已,无任何意义,也不充当任何成分,但that不可以省略
(二).当同位语从句是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)
即:
whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(注意)此处不能用if.
1.)Hehasn’tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.
(decision的内容是Willhegothere?
)
2.)Theyhavenotcometoanagreementwhetherheshouldtakepartinthisgame.(agreement的内容是Shouldhetakepartinthisgame?
)
(三).当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即:
特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
(注:
8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how)
1.)Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.
2.)Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.
3.)Wehavenotcometoaconclusionwhichteamisthebest.
4.)Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.
5.)Thedoubtwhomhetalkedwithyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).
6.)Thedoubtwhyhedidnotcomeyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).
7.)Theproblemwhosemoneythisishasnotbeensolved.
8.)Ihavenosuggestionwhenhewillbeback.
9.)ThethoughtcametomehowIcansolvethisproblem.
2.that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1)意义不同:
that引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容,是解释中心词;而that引导的定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词,是修饰中心词(先行词)。
Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.
②Thenewsthathetoldusistrue.
[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,解释说明“news”的内容:
我们队取得了决赛胜利。
②中that引导定语从句,对“news”加以限定:
是他告诉我们的,而非来自其他渠道,起修饰作用。
2)that功能不同:
that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词,不充当任何成分;而that引导定语从句时,是关系代词,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。
Eg.①DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.
②.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.
[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,其中that无词义,也不充当任何成分;
②.中that引导定语从句,that指代promise,又在从句中充当主语,且that可以用which替换。
3)that可否省略:
that引导同位语从句时,不可省略。
在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,可以省略,若作主语则不可以省略。
Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.
②Thenews(that)hetoldusistrue.
③Thenewsthatisfromthisnewspaperistrue.
[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,不能省略。
②.中that引导定语从句,that指代news,在从句中充当宾语,that可以用which替换,也可以省略。
③中that也是引导定语从句,that指代news,在从句中充当主语,that可以用which替换,但that不能省略。
3.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开